Dieu

Résumé

vignette|William Blake, L'Ancien des Jours (Urizen mesurant le Monde), gravure à l'eau-forte et aquarelle (1794), British Museum. Dieu (hérité du latin deus, lui-même issu d'une racine indo-européenne *deiwos, « divinité », de la base *dei-, « lueur, briller » ; prononciation : ) désigne un être ou une force suprême structurant l'Univers ; il s'agit selon les croyances soit d'une personne, soit d'un concept philosophique ou religieux. Principe fondateur dans les religions monothéistes, Dieu est l'être suprême, , transcendant, universel, créateur de toutes choses, doté d'une perfection absolue, constituant le principe de salut pour l'humanité et qui se révèle dans le déroulement de l'histoire. Comme entité philosophique, Dieu est le . L'existence réelle d'un être suprême et les implications politiques, philosophiques, scientifiques, sociales et psychologiques qui en découlent font l'objet de nombreux débats à travers l'Histoire, les croyants monothéistes appelant à la foi, tand

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu

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Long-term Biosensors for Metabolite Monitoring by using Carbon Nanotubes

Cristina Boero, Sandro Carrara, Giovanni De Micheli

The key-point for the development of an amperometric sensor is the immobilization of the enzyme. In the present work we use biosensors based on glucose oxidase (GOD) onto electrodes nanostructured with carbon nanotubes (CNT), to be employed in cell culture monitoring. The goal is to determine the best immobilization strategy from the point-of-view of sensor lifetime. We compared three types of immobilization: the spontaneous adsorption of the enzyme on nanotubes, the entrapment in a Nafion matrix (optimizing also the quantity), and the cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The cross-linking gives the best sensitivity, 17.38 μA mM-1 cm-2, and the lowest detection limit, 25 μM. On the other hand, Nafion matrix allows to extend the linear range up to 7.5 mM. Finally, electrodes are tested over 35 days to analyze the lifetime. GOD cross-linking results to have 100% of retained activity after 35 days, while the adsorption and the entrapment retain only the 20 % of the original response.

2011

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In-Vivo Behaviour of Hypodermically Implanted Microfabricated Glucose Sensors

Nico de Rooij

The in-vivo behaviour of microfabricated GOD (glucose oxidase)/ H2O2 glucose sensor implanted subcutaneously in normal anesthetized rats has been studied. The sensor consists of a planar, three-electrode microcell, an enzyme membrane (glucose oxidase and bovine serum albumin cross-linked with glutaraldehyde) and an outer diffusion limiting polyurethane membrane. The sensor behaviour during hyperglycaemic (13.8 mM and 11.2 mM), euglycaemic (7.8 mM) and hypoglycaemic (3.5 mM) plateau levels was determined. The values of the in-vivo sensitivity (0.64 \xb1 0.05 nA/mM) and background current (1.25 \xb1 0.4 nA) were determined using a two- point calibration method and then used to calculate apparent subcutaneous glucose concentrations. The results show the presence of a good correlation between all the plasma glucose levels (G) and the apparent subcutaneous tissue concentrations (G'), with G' = 0.997 . G - 0.066. r = 0.9782.

1991

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