Scènes à faireA scène à faire (French for "scene to be made" or "scene that must be done"; plural: scènes à faire) is a scene in a book or film which is almost obligatory for a book or film in that genre. In the U.S. it also refers to a principle in copyright law in which certain elements of a creative work are held to be not protected when they are mandated by or customary to the genre. For example, a spy novel is expected to contain elements such as numbered Swiss bank accounts, a femme fatale, and various spy gadgets hidden in wristwatches, belts, shoes, and other personal effects.
Sweat of the browSweat of the brow is an intellectual property law doctrine that is chiefly related to copyright law. According to this doctrine, an author gains rights through simple diligence during the creation of a work, such as a database, or a directory. Substantial creativity or "originality" is not required. Under a "sweat of the brow" doctrine, the creator of a work, even if it is completely unoriginal, is entitled to have that effort and expense protected; no one else may use such a work without permission, but must instead recreate the work by independent research or effort.
The Free Software DefinitionThe Free Software Definition written by Richard Stallman and published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), defines free software as being software that ensures that the users have freedom in using, studying, sharing and modifying that software. The term "free" is used in the sense of "free speech," not of "free of charge." The earliest-known publication of the definition was in the February 1986 edition of the now-discontinued GNU's Bulletin publication by the FSF.
Recording Industry Association of AmericaLa Recording Industry Association of America (connue sous l'acronyme RIAA) est une association interprofessionnelle qui défend les intérêts de l'industrie du disque aux États-Unis. Ses membres principaux sont des sociétés privées détenant des labels et des maisons de disques. Elle pourrait être considérée comme l'équivalent du SNEP en France. En 2008, selon la RIAA, ses membres . Elle a été formée en 1952, principalement pour administrer et gérer tout ce qui se passe durant la création et l'enregistrement de disques vinyle.
Definition of Free Cultural WorksThe Definition of Free Cultural Works evaluates and recommends compatible free content licenses. The Open Content Project by David A. Wiley in 1998 was a predecessor project which defined open content. In 2003, Wiley joined the Creative Commons as "Director of Educational Licenses" and announced the Creative Commons and their licenses as successors to his Open Content Project. Therefore, Creative Commons' Erik Möller in collaboration with Richard Stallman, Lawrence Lessig, Benjamin Mako Hill, Angela Beesley, and others started in 2006 the Free Cultural Works project for defining free content.
Pirate PartyPirate Party is a label adopted by political parties around the world. Pirate parties support civil rights, direct democracy (including e-democracy) or alternatively participation in government, reform of copyright and patent laws to make them more flexible and open to encourage innovation and creativity, use of free and open-source software, free sharing of knowledge (open content and open access), information privacy, transparency, freedom of information, free speech, anti-corruption, net neutrality and oppose mass surveillance, censorship and Big Tech.
Collective rights managementCollective rights management is the licensing of copyright and related rights by organisations acting on behalf of rights owners. Collective management organisations (CMOs), sometimes also referred to as collecting societies, typically represent groups of copyright and related rights owners, i.
Copyright renewal in the United StatesCopyright renewal is a copyright formality through which an initial term of copyright protection for a work can be extended for a second term. Once the term of copyright protection has ended, the copyrighted work enters the public domain, and can be freely reproduced and incorporated into new works. In the United States, works published before are all in the public domain under the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1909 and previous law. This act provided for an initial term of 28 years.
Statutory damages for copyright infringementStatutory damages for copyright infringement are available under some countries' copyright laws. The charges allow copyright holders, who succeed with claims of infringement, to receive an amount of compensation per work (as opposed to compensation for losses, an account of profits or damages per infringing copy). Statutory damages can in some cases be significantly more than the actual damages suffered by the rightsholder or the profits of the infringer.
Dommages statutairesEn droit américain et en droit canadien, les dommages statutaires désignent tout dédommagement reçu dans le cadre d'une action civile, montant établi par un statut plutôt que sur la base de l'intensité du préjudice subi par le plaignant. Le législateur détermine les dommages statutaires dans le cas d'actes pour lesquels il est difficile d'établir le montant de la perte subie par la victime. Cette décision du législateur peut découler de la difficulté à estimer le montant des pertes, comme dans le cas de poursuites pour violation du droit d'auteur où le nombre d'infractions est inconnu.
