Party-list systemA party-list system is a type of electoral system that formally involves political parties in the electoral process, usually to facilitate multi-winner elections. In party-list systems, parties put forward a list of candidates, the party-list who stand for election on one ticket. Voters can usually vote directly for the party-list, but in other systems voters may vote for directly individuals candidates within or across party lists (such systems are referred to as open list and panachage), besides or instead of voting directly for parties (mixed electoral systems).
Indice de GallagherEn statistique, lindice de Gallagher est utilisé pour mesurer la disproportionnalité des résultats d'une élection. Il est fondé sur la différence entre les pourcentages de votes reçus et les pourcentages de sièges concédés à un parti à la suite d'une élection. Cela est particulièrement utile pour comparer la proportionnalité entre plusieurs systèmes électoraux. Plus exactement, l'indice prend la racine carrée de la demi-somme des carrés de la différence entre le pourcentage de votes et le pourcentage de sièges de chaque parti représenté dans une élection.
Mutual majority criterionThe mutual majority criterion is a criterion used to compare voting systems. It is also known as the majority criterion for solid coalitions and the generalized majority criterion. The criterion states that if there is a subset S of the candidates, such that more than half of the voters strictly prefer every member of S to every candidate outside of S, this majority voting sincerely, the winner must come from S. This is similar to but stricter than the majority criterion, where the requirement applies only to the case that S contains a single candidate.
Nanson's methodThe Borda count electoral system can be combined with an instant-runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method (also called Total Vote Runoff or TVR). Both methods are designed to satisfy the Condorcet criterion, and allow for incomplete ballots and equal rankings. The Nanson method is based on the original work of the mathematician Edward J. Nanson in 1882.
Majority loser criterionThe majority loser criterion is a criterion to evaluate single-winner voting systems. The criterion states that if a majority of voters prefers every other candidate over a given candidate, then that candidate must not win. Either of the Condorcet loser criterion or the mutual majority criterion implies the majority loser criterion. However, the Condorcet criterion does not imply the majority loser criterion, since the minimax method satisfies the Condorcet but not the majority loser criterion.
Méthode de CopelandLa méthode de Copeland ou la méthode d'agrégation par paires de Copeland est une méthode Condorcet, dans laquelle les candidats sont classés par le nombre de victoires par paires, moins le nombre de défaites par paires. Elle satisfait le critère de Smith. Elle a été inventée par Ramon Llull dans son traité Ars Electionis de 1299, mais sa forme ne comptait que les victoires par paires et non les défaites (ce qui pourrait conduire à un résultat différent en cas d'égalité par paires).
Minimax Condorcet methodIn voting systems, the Minimax Condorcet method (often referred to as "the Minimax method") is one of several Condorcet methods used for tabulating votes and determining a winner when using ranked voting in a single-winner election. It is sometimes referred to as the Simpson–Kramer method, and the successive reversal method. Minimax selects as the winner the candidate whose greatest pairwise defeat is smaller than the greatest pairwise defeat of any other candidate: or, put another way, "the only candidate whose support never drops below [N] percent" in any pairwise contest, with N as high as possible.
Positional votingPositional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options or candidates receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and the one with the most points overall wins. The lower-ranked preference in any adjacent pair is generally of less value than the higher-ranked one. Although it may sometimes be weighted the same, it is never worth more. A valid progression of points or weightings may be chosen at will (Eurovision Song Contest) or it may form a mathematical sequence such as an arithmetic progression (Borda count), a geometric one (positional number system) or a harmonic one (Nauru/Dowdall method).
Vote préférentielLe vote préférentiel est une modalité du scrutin proportionnel plurinominal dans lequel les électeurs peuvent voter pour un ou plusieurs candidats sur une ou plusieurs listes. Le nombre de sièges est réparti proportionnellement entre les listes, puis les sièges obtenus par chaque liste sont distribués entre les candidats en fonction de leur score personnel. En France, la loi électorale du (article 15) permettait aux électeurs de modifier l'ordre d'inscription des candidats sur les listes en inscrivant un numéro d'ordre en face du nom d'un, de plusieurs ou de tous les candidats de la liste selon la formule du vote préférentiel.
Sequential proportional approval votingSequential proportional approval voting (SPAV) or reweighted approval voting (RAV) is an electoral system that extends the concept of approval voting to a multiple winner election. It is a simplified version of proportional approval voting. Proposed by Danish statistician Thorvald N. Thiele in the early 1900s, it was used (with adaptations for party lists) in Sweden for a short period from 1909-1921, and was replaced by a cruder "party-list" style system as it was easier to calculate.
