Sondage d'opinionUn sondage d'opinion, ou une enquête d'opinion, est une application de la technique des sondages à une population humaine visant à déterminer les opinions probables via l'étude d'un échantillon confectionné par les entreprises de sondages. En France, par exemple, les enquêtes d'opinion réalisées avant l’élection présidentielle, à l'historique désormais facilement traçables grâce à Internet, sont passées de 111 en 1981 à 293 en 2007 puis ont à nouveau triplé, apportant aux entreprises de sondages l'essentiel de leur notoriété et suscitant un débat sur leur fiabilité.
Plurality votingPlurality voting refers to electoral systems in which a candidate(s), who poll more than any other counterpart (that is, receive a plurality), are elected. In systems based on single-member districts, it elects just one member per district and may also be referred to as first-past-the-post (FPTP), single-member plurality (SMP/SMDP), single-choice voting (an imprecise term as non-plurality voting systems may also use a single choice), simple plurality or relative majority (as opposed to an absolute majority, where more than half of votes is needed, this is called majority voting).
Plurality block votingPlurality block voting, also known as plurality-at-large voting, bloc vote or block voting (BV) is a non-proportional voting system for electing representatives in multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number of seats to be filled. The usual result when the candidates divide into parties is that the most popular party in the district sees its full slate of candidates elected in a seemingly landslide victory.
Contingent voteThe contingent vote is an electoral system used to elect a single representative in which a candidate requires a majority of votes to win. It is a variation of instant-runoff voting (IRV). Under the contingent vote, the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and the first preference votes are counted. If no candidate has a majority (more than half the votes cast), then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and the votes received by the eliminated candidates are distributed among the two remaining candidates according to voters' preferences.
