Restriction pointThe restriction point (R), also known as the Start or G1/S checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint in the G1 phase of the animal cell cycle at which the cell becomes "committed" to the cell cycle, and after which extracellular signals are no longer required to stimulate proliferation. The defining biochemical feature of the restriction point is the activation of G1/S- and S-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which in turn phosphorylate proteins that initiate DNA replication, centrosome duplication, and other early cell cycle events.
Cyclin ACyclin A is a member of the cyclin family, a group of proteins that function in regulating progression through the cell cycle. The stages that a cell passes through that culminate in its division and replication are collectively known as the cell cycle Since the successful division and replication of a cell is essential for its survival, the cell cycle is tightly regulated by several components to ensure the efficient and error-free progression through the cell cycle.
S phaseS phase (Synthesis Phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. G1/S transition Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling.
CDKN1CLe gène CDKN1C est un gène qui code l'inhibiteur de kinase dépendant de la cycline 1C. Il est localisé sur le bras court (p) du chromosome 11 à la position 15.4. Son emplacement moléculaire part de la paire de base 2 883 218 à 2 885 775 sur le chromosome 11 humain. Le gène CDKN1C fournit des instructions pour fabriquer une protéine qui aide à réguler la croissance. Cette protéine agit comme un suppresseur de tumeur, ce qui signifie qu'elle empêche les cellules de croître et de se diviser trop rapidement ou de manière incontrôlée.
G0 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G0 phase The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. G0 is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase.
P16Le p16 est une protéine suppresseuse de tumeur également connue sous le nom d'inhibiteur de kinase cycline-dépendante 2A (CDKN2A). Elle est un inhibiteur du complexe CDK4/CDK6-Cycline D. Ce complexe phosphoryle pRB (protéine du rétinoblastome), ce qui a pour conséquence de l'empêcher de se lier au facteur de transcription E2F. Celui-ci peut alors activer la transcription de nombreux gènes favorisant le passage de la cellule de la phase G1 à la phase S.
MyoDEn biologie, MyoD est une protéine, un facteur de transcription ayant un rôle-clé dans la détermination et la différenciation des cellules musculaires striées. Il fait partie des MRF, les facteurs de transcription myogéniques. Son gène est le MYOD1 situé sur le chromosome 11 humain MyoD est inhibé par CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase). Pour les autres protéines faisant partie des MRF, voir Myf5 Myogenin Myf6, aussi appelée MRF4 ou herculin Facteur de transcription Acide ribonucléique messager Basic-helix-loop-
G2 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G2 phase G2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. G2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
