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In architecture and building engineering, a floor plan is a technical drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans may include notes for construction to specify finishes, construction methods, or symbols for electrical items. It is also called a plan which is a measured plane typically projected at the floor height of , as opposed to an elevation which is a measured plane projected from the side of a building, along its height, or a section or cross section where a building is cut along an axis to reveal the interior structure. Overview Similar to a map, the orientation of the view is downward from above, but unlike a conventional map, a plan is drawn at a particular

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Design Space of Modular Slab Systems with Discrete Stiffness Distribution and Irregular Column Layout

Jan Friedrich Georg Brütting, Corentin Jean Dominique Fivet, Alex-Manuel Muresan, Dario Redaelli

A known challenge of modular structural systems is to avoid the oversizing of its elements while allowing a wide variety of spatial layouts. Considering any given floor outline and the availability of square slab elements with three discrete bending and shear stiffness, this paper explores: 1) the minimal geometric and topological rules that ensure a positioning of columns satisfying serviceability requirements; and 2) for a given satisfying positioning of columns, the distribution of slab elements that minimizes the overall weight of the system. This study is part of a larger project aimed at developing a highly flexible floor system whose element dimensions do not constrain the positioning of the columns nor the shape of the floor plan. Hence, the structural system could be adapted over time to changing architectural needs.

2018

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Sustainability through reuse: a reconfigurable structural system for residential and office buildings

Jan Friedrich Georg Brütting, Corentin Jean Dominique Fivet, Alex-Manuel Muresan, Dario Redaelli

Current load-bearing systems for buildings rarely have a beneficial end of life. Modular design is a proven solution for revalorizing obsolete structures, but it hardly competes with conventional solutions: the range of future spatial configurations that the modules will accommodate is usually too limited to balance additional upfront costs due to necessary oversized elements and extra connections. Through a review of building demolition cases, this paper first presents motives, challenges and requirements for overcoming adverse end-of-life environmental impacts of building structures. Then a new structural system addressing the specified design constraints is introduced. The system is a highly versatile kit of slab and column elements. Contrary to existing modular solutions, its element dimensions do neither constrain the positioning of columns nor the shape of floor plans. Slab elements are stacked vertically to tune bending and shear stiffnesses locally and ensure serviceability requirements for a wide range of column and load cases layouts. All connections between elements are reversible and ready for reuse. Accordingly, the proposed structural system is well-suited for multiple service cycles and architectural needs, mitigating the detrimental effects that buildings have on the environment.

World Sustainable Built Environment2020

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Spatial evaluation of potential saturation and contrast effects of discomfort glare in an open-plan office

Marilyne Andersen, Geraldine Quek Cai Ting, Stephen William Wasilewski, Jan Wienold

This paper analyzes the relative distribution of annual saturation and contrast effects of discomfort glare in a deep open-plan office. A previous comparative study has shown that while hybrid glare metrics were found to predict glare well in most scenarios occurring in the investigated datasets, contrast-driven glare metrics predict discomfort glare better than saturation-driven metrics in daylit conditions when vertical illuminance is lower than 3000 lux; and saturation-driven glare metrics outperform the contrast-driven metrics when vertical illuminance is above 3000 lux. The focus of this paper is to determine the potential effects of contrast-driven and saturation-driven glare across the floor plan, simulating annual hourly vertical illuminance (Ev) and contrast (log_gc) were simulated in 8 view directions with a grid spacing of 0.75m, at a typical eye level of 1.2m, for daylight hours in the context of Geneva, Switzerland. To identify viewpoints where saturation and contrast effects of glare dominate, a synthetic and versatile spatial visualization approach was established. A new simulation method allowed us to calculate detailed annual saturation and contrast metrics in a reasonable timeframe. Results show that high contrast lighting conditions occur far more frequently than high saturation conditions except for a narrow area near the façade.

2021

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