Nitrobenzène

Résumé

Le nitrobenzène, de formule chimique C6H5NO2, est un composé organique aromatique connu également sous le nom nitrophène ou essence de mirbane. Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide incolore ou de cristaux jaunes suivant la température. C'est un composé toxique, possédant une odeur d'amande. Le nitrobenzène est utilisé principalement comme solvant et comme agent d'oxydation modéré. Il est utilisé en particulier pour la fabrication de l'aniline, mais également pour la fabrication de vernis ou de cirage. Propriétés physico-chimiques Le nitrobenzène est un liquide incolore toxique et inflammable. Il possède un indice de réfraction élevé. Il est peu soluble dans l'eau, mais possède une bonne solubilité dans les alcools, dans l'éther et dans le benzène. Utilisation Le nitrobenzène est un intermédiaire de synthèse important utilisé à grande échelle pour la fabrication d'un grand nombre de composés chimiques. Il est utilisé principalement dans la production de

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobenz%C3%A8ne

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A tetragonal molybdenum nitride (beta-Mo2N) has been prepared by temperature programmed treatment of MoO3 in flowing N-2 + H-2 and for the first time shown to catalyze the liquid phase selective hydrogenation (T = 423 K; P-H2 = 11 bar) of a series of para-substituted (-H, -OH, -O-CH3, -CH3, -Cl, -I and -NO2) nitrobenzenes to give the corresponding aromatic amine. Reaction over Pd/Al2O3, as a benchmark catalyst (Pd particle size ca. 18 nm), resulted in a composite hydrodechlorination/hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (as a representative nitroarene) to generate nitrobenzene and aniline. beta-Mo2N has been characterized in terms of temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), H-2 chemisorption/temperature programmed desorption (TPD), BET surface area/pore volume, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electronic microscopy. Elemental analysis, XRD, SEM and TEM have confirmed the formation of tetragonal beta-Mo2N, characterized by an agglomeration of flake-like crystallites. Post-synthesis, the nitride was passivated by contact with 1% (v/v) O-2/He at ambient temperature and XPS analysis has demonstrated the formation of a superficial passivating oxide overlayer without bulk oxidation. Pre-reaction, activation by TPR to 673 K was necessary to remove the passivating film. Hydrogen TPD has revealed significant hydrogen uptake (0.7 mu mol m(-2)) associated with beta-Mo2N. Nitro group reduction kinetics have been subjected to a Hammett treatment where the reaction constant (p = 0 4) is diagnostic of an increase in rate due to the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring, consistent with a nucleophilic mechanism. The results presented in this study establish the viability of beta-Mo2N to promote selective nitroarene hydrogenation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

2011

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Selective three-phase hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds over β-molybdenum nitride

Fernando Cardenas Lizana, Lioubov Kiwi, Daniel André Samuel Lamey

A tetragonal molybdenum nitride (β-Mo2N) has been prepared by temperature programmed treatment of MoO3 in flowing N2 + H2 and for the first time shown to catalyze the liquid phase selective hydrogenation (T = 423 K; PH2=11bar) of a series of para-substituted (-H, -OH, -O-CH3, -CH3, -Cl, -I and -NO2) nitrobenzenes to give the corresponding aromatic amine. Reaction over Pd/Al2O3, as a benchmark catalyst (Pd particle size ca. 18 nm), resulted in a composite hydrodechlorination/ hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (as a representative nitroarene) to generate nitrobenzene and aniline. β-Mo2N has been characterized in terms of temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), H2 chemisorption/temperature programmed desorption (TPD), BET surface area/pore volume, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electronic microscopy. Elemental analysis, XRD, SEM and TEM have confirmed the formation of tetragonal β-Mo2N, characterized by an agglomeration of flake-like crystallites. Post-synthesis, the nitride was passivated by contact with 1% (v/v) O2/He at ambient temperature and XPS analysis has demonstrated the formation of a superficial passivating oxide overlayer without bulk oxidation. Pre-reaction, activation by TPR to 673 K was necessary to remove the passivating film. Hydrogen TPD has revealed significant hydrogen uptake (0.7 μmol m-2) associated with β-Mo2N. Nitro group reduction kinetics have been subjected to a Hammett treatment where the reaction constant (p = 0 4) is diagnostic of an increase in rate due to the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring, consistent with a nucleophilic mechanism. The results presented in this study establish the viability of β-Mo2N to promote selective nitroarene hydrogenation. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2011

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Au/Mo2N as a new catalyst formulation for the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene in both liquid and gas phases

Fernando Cardenas Lizana, Lioubov Kiwi, Daniel André Samuel Lamey

The batch liquid phase hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene over MO2N resulted in the sole formation of p-chloroaniline. Incorporation of Au nanoparticles (mean size = 8 nm) enhanced hydrogen uptake with a fourfold increase in rate, retention of ultraselectivity with stability over repeated reaction cycles. Reaction exclusivity to p-chloroaniline extended to continuous gas phase operation where Au/MO2N outperformed Au/Al2O3 as a benchmark. Under the same conditions, Pd/MO2N was non-selective, generating nitrobenzene and aniline via combined hydrodechlorination and hydrogenation. These results demonstrate the viability of Au/MO2N as a new catalyst formulation in selective substituted nitroarene hydrogenation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2012

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Selective three-phase hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds over β-molybdenum nitride

Fernando Cardenas Lizana, Lioubov Kiwi, Daniel André Samuel Lamey

Elsevier2011