Cancérogène

Un cancérogène, cancérigène, ou encore carcinogène, est un facteur provoquant, aggravant ou favorisant l'apparition d'un cancer. Cela peut être un produit chimique simple ou complexe, une exposition professionnelle, des facteurs de risque liés au mode de vie ou encore des agents physiques et biologiques. En cas d'exposition chronique, par inhalation par exemple, des produits très communs peuvent être cancérigènes (poussière de bois ou poussières siliceuses par exemple). Sémantique : cancérigène, cancérogène, carcinogène, oncogène Pour les dictionnaires Larousse, Le Robert et Cordial, pour l’Académie française, pour Vulgaris médical, cancérogène, carcinogène et cancérigène sont synonymes. Le dictionnaire de l’Académie de médecine, quant à lui, emploie les trois mots, et définit les deux premiers comme synonymes, mais ne donne pas de définition du dernier, et n’indique donc pas s’il est synonyme des deux autres. Oncogène est parfois utilisé dans le même sens, mais a auss

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IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology

The new IMPACT 2002+ life cycle impact assessment methodology proposes a feasible implementation of a combined midpoint/ damage approach, linking all types of life cycle inventory results (elementary flows and other interventions) via 14 midpoint categories to four damage categories. For IMPACT 2002+, new concepts and methods have been developed, especially for the comparative assessment of human toxicity and ecotoxicity. Human Damage Factors are calculated for carcinogens and non-carcinogens, employing intake fractions, best estimates of dose-response slope factors, as well as severities. The transfer of contaminants into the human food is no more based on consumption surveys, but accounts for agricultural and livestock production levels. Indoor and outdoor air emissions can be compared and the intermittent character of rainfall is considered. Both human toxicity and ecotoxicity effect factors are based on mean responses rather than on conservative assumptions. Other midpoint categories are adapted from existing characterizing methods (Eco-indicator 99 and CML 2002). All midpoint scores are expressed in units of a reference substance and related to the four damage categories human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources. Normalization can be performed either at midpoint or at damage level. The IMPACT 2002+ method presently provides characterization factors for almost 1500 different LCI-results, which can be downloaded at http://www.epfl.ch/impact

2003

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Year-long variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their contribution on winter intense pollution events in the urban environment of Athens, Greece

Maria Apostolaki, Athanasios Nenes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants with proven mutagenic and carcinogenic potential that originate from incomplete combustion, and partition to fine particulate matter. Nitro-PAHs & oxy-PAHs are oxidation products of PAHs with increased toxicity compared to their parent members and may reveal useful information about the aging and oxidation processes of PAHs. In this study, we investigate the seasonal profiles of 31 PAHs and select oxidized forms such as nitro PAHs & quinones in Athens, Greece to understand their sources, levels, toxicity and impacts. PAHs levels were found to be significantly higher during winter, particularly during intense pollution episodes, compared to the other seasons. Chemical markers linked to biomass burning (BB) emissions are found to correlate well with the total amount of PAHs (ΣPAHs) during wintertime, strongly indicating that BB emissions are a significant source of PAHs. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis showed that more than 50% of ΣPAHs originate from BB emissions and that a “factor” (composed of a specific mixture of PAHs) characterizes biomass burning emissions – and can potentially be used as a tracer. Analysis of the PMF series suggests that BB aerosol is much more carcinogenic than the effects of gasoline and diesel combustion combined. Finally, the exposure impact during winter is 9 times higher compared with the other seasons.

2021

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Assessment of human exposure to pesticides by hair analysis: The case of vegetable-producing areas in Burkina Faso

Luiz Felippe De Alencastro, Edouard René Gilbert Lehmann, Jean-Jacques Stéphane Nfon Dibie, Christelle Oltramare

The present work assesses human exposure to pesticides in vegetable-producing areas in Burkina Faso, using hair as an indicator. The study design includes a comparison between operators who are occupationally exposed while working in the fields and a reference population (i.e. not occupationally exposed) to evaluate both oc- cupational and indirect exposures. Hair samples from volunteers (n = 101) were positive for 17 pesticides (38 analyzed). Acetamiprid, desethylatrazine, carbofuran, and deltamethrin were detected for the first time in field samples. With a maximum of 9 residues per sample, pesticide exposure was ubiquitous in both populations. Contamination by acetamiprid, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (used in vegetable production) prevailed in operator samples. For other pesticides, such as imidacloprid and deltamethrin, no significant difference was found. This indicates a potentially large environmental exposure (dietary intake or atmospheric contamination) or the prevalence of other contamination sources. The present findings are concerning, as detected levels are globally higher than those previously reported, and indicate exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and probable carcinogens. Hair was found to be a suitable matrix for biomonitoring human exposure to pesticides and assessing dominant factors (i.e. sex, age, and protective equipment) in subgroups, as well as identifying geographical contamination patterns.

2018

Chargement

Cancer

Le cancer est une maladie provoquée par la transformation de cellules qui deviennent anormales et prolifèrent de façon excessive. Ces cellules déréglées finissent parfois par former une masse qu'on

Cancer du poumon

vignette|upright=1|Représentation en coupe tridimensionnelle par tomodensitométrie d'un poumon présentant une tumeur. vignette|upright=1|Radiographie de face du thorax montrant un probable cancer du

Arsenic

L'arsenic est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 33, noté par le symbole As. Son corps simple se présente sous la forme d'un solide cristallin argenté. L'arsenic appartient au groupe des pnictog

ENV-370: Environmental system analysis and assessment

Les enjeux environnementaux doivent être abordés de façon systémique. L'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) et l'Analyse de Flux de Matière (AFM) sont des méthodes permettant d'évaluer de façon globale les performances environnementales des produits, des services et des territoires.

BIO-471: Cancer biology I

The course covers in detail molecular mechanisms of cancer development with emphasis on cell cycle control, genome stability, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

CH-108(a): Chemistry Laboratory Work I

Familiariser l'étudiant avec le travail au laboratoire. Travailler de façon quantitative et/ou qualitative. TP réalisés en relation avec les cours de chimie de 1ere année et complémentaires avec le contenu des enseignements TP2 dispensés au semestre suivant