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Concept

Radar à synthèse d'ouverture

Résumé

thumb|upright=1.5|Image prise par un radar à synthèse d'ouverture, monté sur satellite, de l'île de Tenerife aux îles Canaries, montrant les détails géographiques et la végétation en fausses couleurs. Un radar à synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) est un qui permet d'obtenir des images en deux dimensions ou des reconstitutions tridimensionnelles d'objets visés, tels des paysages. Pour cela, il effectue un traitement des données reçues afin d'améliorer la résolution en azimut. Le traitement effectué permet d'affiner l'ouverture de l'antenne. On parle donc de synthèse d'ouverture, contrairement à un radar à visée latérale classique, d'où le nom de ce type de système. L'abréviation anglo-saxonne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) est fréquemment utilisée pour désigner ce type de radar. Le radar à synthèse d'ouverture est utilisé pour la télédétection, qu'elle soit aérienne ou . Les radars à synthèse d'ouverture s'opposent aux « radars à ouverture réelle » (RAR ou real aperture radar en anglais) pour

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_%C3%A0_synth%C3%A8se_d'ouverture

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Concepts associés (19)

Le radar (acronyme issu de l'anglais dio etection nd anging) est un système qui utilise les ondes électromagnétiques pour détecter la présence et déterminer la position ainsi que la vitesse d'objets

La télédétection est l'ensemble des techniques utilisées pour déterminer à distance les propriétés d'objets naturels ou artificiels à partir des rayonnements qu'ils émettent ou réfléchissent. Les tech

vignette|Antenne réseau à commande de phase pour satellite En télécommunications, une antenne réseau à commande de phase (phased array antenna en anglais) est un groupe d'antennes élémentaires aliment

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Cours associés (5)

Ce cours a pour objectif de familiariser les étudiants avec les principaux concepts, instruments et techniques de la télédétection environnementale. Les interactions ondes/matière, les différents types instruments et les techniques de traitements d'images sont abordés.

The goal of the course is to seek to instill in its future graduates the skills necessary to be successful in the civil engineering industry. One skill that appears underserved and is expected to be strengthened through this course is the skill to innovate.

The main objective of the course is to introduce the concept of space system design and engineering. The course will describe the various subsystems involved in the design of a satellite. It will also describe the techniques of systems engineering that are used to obtain a coherent satellite design.

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Publications associées (53)

Collective dynamics in nonlinear resonators coupled in spatial and synthetic dimensions

Tobias Kippenberg, Alexey Tikan, Aleksandr Tusnin

We theoretically investigate chaotic and stable structures in coupled-resonator chains and synthetic frequency dimension influenced by Kerr nonlinearity, thereby bringing insights in the emerging field of soliton generation in chains and lattices of high-Q resonators. (c) 2021 The Author(s)

IEEE2021

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Aside from intentional interference, multipath is the most significant error source for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers in many operational scenarios. In this thesis, we study the multipath estimation from two different perspectives: to retrieve useful information from it using GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) techniques; and to mitigate its effects or to estimate its direction-of-arrival (DOA) as well as the line-of-sight (LOS) signal¿s using synthetic aperture (SA) processing. The first part of the thesis focuses on precision bounds for GNSS-R techniques for ground-based receivers, in scenarios where a single antenna simultaneously receives the LOS signal and a specular reflection. First, we derive the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) of the receiver¿s height and the reflection coefficient, with the latter depending on the surface¿s electrical properties. More specifically, we propose a CRB derivation applicable to GNSS-R techniques that make use of the phase information and long observation times, such as the interference pattern technique (IPT). The derivation is based on the parameter transformation of the Fisher information matrix. We study the dependence of the computed CRB on the scenario and the receiver bandwidth. The CRB results for the simulated scenarios are consistent with the precision reported for many GNSS-R techniques used in these scenarios. The proposed CRB is meant to benchmark and compare new and existing techniques. Besides the derived CRB, we propose an algorithm to obtain the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator of the parameters of interest with the IPT: the segmented ML estimator (SML). The SML transforms a complex multivariate optimization problem into multiple simpler ones by dividing the parameter search space taking advantage of the cost function¿s particular structure. The SML is validated with simulated signal and asymptotically cross-validates the CRB results. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of the SA processing of GNSS signals. The goal is to estimate the DOA of the signals received, and mitigate errors in the navigation solution caused by interfering signals, such as multipath. We start by deriving the CRB for the SA context, as a function of the antenna trajectory. This CRB considers the effect of the antenna complex gain, and we show in simulations that it is possible to achieve meaningful DOA estimation only by changing the antenna¿s orientation. We continue by proposing a development framework built upon a signal tracking architecture integrating SA processing. Before any SA processing, it is necessary to estimate and compensate any carrier phase contribution not related to the antenna motion. To do so, we propose two new sequential techniques based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF): EKF1 and EKF2. Also, we develop an open-loop version of the proposed SA tracking architecture, more robust than its closed-loop counterpart. Finally, we validate the proposed architecture and SA-based techniques with synthetic GPS signals at first, and then with real signals, recorded using an antenna mounted on a mechanical rotating arm. The obtained results validate the implemented techniques and show how the proposed SA architecture can ultimately mitigate the position bias error observed in environments with severe multipath interference.

EPFL2018

Chargement

Estimation Bounds for GNSS Synthetic Aperture Techniques

Cyril Botteron, Joaquin Cabeza de Pablo, Pierre-André Farine, Miguel Angel Ribot Sanfelix

This paper characterizes the estimation performance of synthetic aperture (SA) techniques in the context of moving GNSS receivers. Under the assumption of a stationary channel, SA techniques transform a single antenna into a virtual array. We first introduce a model for the GNSS signal received by a single moving antenna. Leveraging this model, SA processing enables direction-of-arrival (DOA) and beamforming on a single antenna. The model does not make use of the narrowband assumption, which makes it suitable for relatively large trajectories. In addition, it includes the effects of the polarization mismatch between the received signal and the receiving antenna. Then, the proposed model is used to derive the Cram´er-Rao lower bound (CRB) for the joint estimation of the received signal amplitudes, synchronization and DOA parameters. We compute the CRB for two different antenna motions, with results depending on the antenna trajectory as well as on the scenario geometry. Results highlight how SA processing profits from spatial and polarization diversities, pointing out its potential for DOA estimation and beamforming applications in moving GNSS platforms, such as unmanned air vehicles or smartphones.

2017

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EPFL2018