Scalaire (physique)En physique, un scalaire est une grandeur dont la valeur ne dépend que du point auquel on l'évalue et est indépendante du système de coordonnées. Une grandeur scalaire s'oppose à une grandeur vectorielle : la grandeur scalaire a uniquement une valeur mais pas de direction ou de sens. Les mathématiques utilisent la notion de scalaire dans le même sens en algèbre linéaire, indépendamment de toute grandeur physique. Les quantités scalaires sont invariables par rapport aux rotations de coordonnées (et aux transformations de Lorentz en théorie de la relativité).
CaretCaret is the name used familiarly for the character , (the circumflex and a circumflex accent) provided on most QWERTY keyboards by typing . The symbol has a variety of uses in programming and mathematics. The name "caret" arose from its visual similarity to the original proofreader's caret, a mark used in proofreading to indicate where a punctuation mark, word, or phrase should be inserted into a document. The formal ASCII standard (X3.64.1977) calls it a "circumflex".
Least absolute deviationsLeast absolute deviations (LAD), also known as least absolute errors (LAE), least absolute residuals (LAR), or least absolute values (LAV), is a statistical optimality criterion and a statistical optimization technique based on minimizing the sum of absolute deviations (also sum of absolute residuals or sum of absolute errors) or the L1 norm of such values. It is analogous to the least squares technique, except that it is based on absolute values instead of squared values.
Fourth powerIn arithmetic and algebra, the fourth power of a number n is the result of multiplying four instances of n together. So: n4 = n × n × n × n Fourth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its cube. Furthermore, they are squares of squares. Some people refer to n4 as n “Tesseracted”, “Hypercubed”, “Zenzizenzic”, “Biquadrate” or “Supercubed” instead of “to the power of 4”.
