Supernova neutrinos are weakly interactive elementary particles produced during a core-collapse supernova explosion. A massive star collapses at the end of its life, emitting on the order of 1058 neutrinos and antineutrinos in all lepton flavors. The luminosity of different neutrino and antineutrino species are roughly the same. They carry away about 99% of the gravitational energy of the dying star as a burst lasting tens of seconds. The typical supernova neutrino energies are 10MeV. Supernovae are considered the strongest and most frequent source of cosmic neutrinos in the MeV energy range.
Since neutrinos are generated in the core of a supernova, they play a crucial role in the star's collapse and explosion. Neutrino heating is believed to be a critical factor in supernova explosions. Therefore, observation of neutrinos from supernova provides detailed information about core collapse and the explosion mechanism. Further, neutrinos undergoing collective flavor conversions in a supernova's dense interior offers opportunities to study neutrino-neutrino interactions. The only supernova neutrino event detected so far is SN 1987A. Nevertheless, with current detector sensitivities, it is expected that thousands of neutrino events from a galactic core-collapse supernova would be observed. The next generation of experiments are designed to be sensitive to neutrinos from supernova explosions as far as Andromeda or beyond. The observation of supernova will broaden our understanding of various astrophysical and particle physics phenomena. Further, coincident detection of supernova neutrino in different experiments would provide an early alarm to astronomers about a supernova.
Stirling A. Colgate and Richard H. White, and independently W. David Arnett, identified the role of neutrinos in core collapse, which resulted in the subsequent development of the theory of supernova explosion mechanism. In February 1987, the observation of supernova neutrinos experimentally verified the theoretical relationship between neutrinos and supernovae.
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vignette|upright=1.3|Représentation d'artiste de SN 1987A. La supernova à effondrement de cœur est l'un des deux principaux mécanismes de formation de supernova, l'autre étant la supernova thermonucléaire (). Les types spectraux correspondants sont le , le (si l'étoile a perdu son enveloppe d'hydrogène) ou le (si l'étoile a perdu ses enveloppes d'hydrogène et d'hélium). Ce type de supernova correspond à l'expulsion violente des couches externes des étoiles massives (à partir de ) en fin de vie.
Supernova neutrinos are weakly interactive elementary particles produced during a core-collapse supernova explosion. A massive star collapses at the end of its life, emitting on the order of 1058 neutrinos and antineutrinos in all lepton flavors. The luminosity of different neutrino and antineutrino species are roughly the same. They carry away about 99% of the gravitational energy of the dying star as a burst lasting tens of seconds. The typical supernova neutrino energies are 10MeV.
est une supernova du Grand Nuage de Magellan, une galaxie naine proche de la Voie lactée visible depuis l'hémisphère sud. Les premières observations du phénomène ont été faites quelques heures à peine après que son éclat eut atteint la Terre, dans la nuit du par plusieurs astronomes amateurs et professionnels d'Amérique du Sud, d'Australie et de Nouvelle-Zélande. s'avère être la première explosion de supernova observée à l'œil nu durant le , avec des conditions d'observation quasi-optimales.