Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film. The addition of oil or alkyd medium can also be used to modify the viscosity and drying time of oil paint. Oil paints were first used in Asia as early as the 7th century AD and can be seen in examples of Buddhist paintings in Afghanistan. Oil-based paints made their way to Europe by the 12th century and were used for simple decoration, but oil painting did not begin to be adopted as an artistic medium there until the early 15th century. Common modern applications of oil paint are in finishing and protection of wood in buildings and exposed metal structures such as ships and bridges. Its hard-wearing properties and luminous colors make it desirable for both interior and exterior use on wood and metal. Due to its slow-drying properties, it has recently been used in paint-on-glass animation. The thickness of the coat has considerable bearing on the time required for drying: thin coats of oil paint dry relatively quickly.
The technical history of the introduction and development of oil paint, and the date of introduction of various additives (driers, thinners) is still—despite intense research since the mid 19th century—not well understood. The literature abounds with incorrect theories and information: in general, anything published before 1952 is suspect. Until 1991 nothing was known about the organic aspect of cave paintings from the Paleolithic era. Many assumptions were made about the chemistry of the binders. Well known Dutch-American artist Willem de Kooning is known for saying "Flesh is the reason oil paint was invented".
The oldest known oil paintings are Buddhist murals created 650 AD. The works are located in cave-like rooms carved from the cliffs of Afghanistan's Bamiyan Valley, "using walnut and poppy seed oils.
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Le gesso, terme emprunté en français à l'italien des arts et de la culture picturale, hérité d'un mot latin issu du grec gypsos, signifiant gypse ou plâtre, est un enduit à base de plâtre et de colle animale, utilisé pour préparer, à partir du Moyen Âge, les panneaux de bois destinés à être peints, notamment à la tempera puis à l'huile. Dans l'iconographie orthodoxe et russe, le mot levkas a la même signification que gesso. Aujourd'hui, il fait référence à un apprêt synthétique, utilisable sur supports divers (bois, carton, toile).
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film. The addition of oil or alkyd medium can also be used to modify the viscosity and drying time of oil paint. Oil paints were first used in Asia as early as the 7th century AD and can be seen in examples of Buddhist paintings in Afghanistan.
La siccativation est le phénomène complexe très lent d'oxydation des insaturations des acides gras contenus dans des liants, tels certaines huiles (huile de lin, huile de soja), résines alkydes ou esters époxydiques. En présence de l'oxygène de l'air, des hydroperoxydes sont formés et des liaisons covalentes s'établissent entre les chaînes d'acide gras (réticulation). La formation du film par oxydation (« séchage », ou plus exactement durcissement) s'effectue très lentement.
This is an introductory course on Elliptic Partial Differential Equations. The course will cover the theory of both classical and generalized (weak) solutions of elliptic PDEs.
Explore l'optimisation avec des contraintes en utilisant les conditions KKT et l'algorithme de point intérieur sur deux exemples de programmation quadratique.