Concept
Partage équitable
Concepts associés (5)
Fair cake-cutting
Fair cake-cutting is a kind of fair division problem. The problem involves a heterogeneous resource, such as a cake with different toppings, that is assumed to be divisible – it is possible to cut arbitrarily small pieces of it without destroying their value. The resource has to be divided among several partners who have different preferences over different parts of the cake, i.e., some people prefer the chocolate toppings, some prefer the cherries, some just want as large a piece as possible.
Fair item allocation
Fair item allocation is a kind of the fair division problem in which the items to divide are discrete rather than continuous. The items have to be divided among several partners who potentially value them differently, and each item has to be given as a whole to a single person. This situation arises in various real-life scenarios: Several heirs want to divide the inherited property, which contains e.g. a house, a car, a piano and several paintings. Several lecturers want to divide the courses given in their faculty.
Competition
Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, individuals, economic and social groups, etc. The rivalry can be over attainment of any exclusive goal, including recognition. Competition occurs in nature, between living organisms which co-exist in the same environment. Animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources.
Économie comportementale
L'économie comportementale est un champ de la science économique qui étudie le comportement des êtres humains dans les situations économiques. L'un des principaux objectifs de l'économie comportementale est notamment de décrire et d'expliquer pourquoi, dans certaines situations, les êtres humains adoptent un comportement qui peut sembler paradoxal ou non rationnel, c'est-à-dire contraire à ce que prédirait la théorie de l'Homo œconomicus.
Théorie des jeux
La théorie des jeux est un domaine des mathématiques qui propose une description formelle d'interactions stratégiques entre agents (appelés « joueurs »). Les fondements mathématiques de la théorie moderne des jeux sont décrits autour des années 1920 par Ernst Zermelo dans l'article , et par Émile Borel dans l'article . Ces idées sont ensuite développées par Oskar Morgenstern et John von Neumann en 1944 dans leur ouvrage qui est considéré comme le fondement de la théorie des jeux moderne.