République parlementaire

A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power and the head of state being a ceremonial position, similar to constitutional monarchies. In some countries the head of state has reserve powers to use at their discretion as a non-partisan "referee" of the political process. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power. In contrast to republics operating under either the presidential system or the semi-presidential system, the head of state usually does not have executive powers as an executive president would (some may have reserve powers or a bit more influence beyond that), because many of those powers have been granted to a head of government (usually called a prime minister). However, in a parliamentary republic with a head of state whose tenure is dependent on parliament, the head of government and head of state can form one office (as in Botswana, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, and South Africa), but the president is still selected in much the same way as the prime minister is in most Westminster systems. This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament. In some cases, the president can legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake the day-to-day running of government (as in Austria and Iceland) but by convention they either do not use these powers or they use them only to give effect to the advice of the parliament or head of government. Some parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system.

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Régime semi-présidentiel

Le régime semi-présidentiel ou régime semi-parlementaire est une catégorie de régime politique théorisée par le juriste français Maurice Duverger comme présentant des caractéristiques mixtes de deux autres grandes catégories : le régime parlementaire, caractérisé par une séparation des pouvoirs souple et par la responsabilité du gouvernement devant le parlement en contrepartie de pouvoirs du gouvernement sur le parlement, en particulier du droit de dissolution ; et le régime présidentiel, caractérisé par un

Figurehead

In politics, a figurehead is a person who de jure (in name or by law) appears to hold an important and often supremely powerful title or office, yet de facto (in reality) exercises little to no actual power. This usually means that they are head of state, but not head of government. The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship. Monarchs in some constitutional monarchies, and presidents in parliamentary republics, are often considered to be figureheads.

Condominium

Un condominium est, en droit international public, un territoire sur lequel plusieurs États souverains exercent une souveraineté conjointe au terme d'un accord formel. Les seuls territoires terrestres historiquement connus sous cette dénomination sont le condominium anglo-égyptien sur le Soudan (1899-1956) et le condominium franco-britannique des Nouvelles-Hébrides (1906-1980). Les condominiums existant encore au ne concernent que des territoires fluviaux ou maritimes, avec parfois des ponts et des îlots.

Laplace Transformer les bases EE-205: Signals and systems (for EL)

Couvre la transformation de Laplace, la région de convergence, la réponse des impulsions et plusieurs pôles.