Seasonal energy efficiency ratioIn the United States, the efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute, a trade association, in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment. A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER). The SEER rating of a unit is the cooling output during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input during the same period.
R410ALe R410A est un fluide frigorifique remplaçant le R22 selon le Protocole de Montréal pour des applications de froid positif (au-dessus de ) comme la climatisation ou les sécheurs d'air comprimé. Il est composé à 50 % de R32 (difluorométhane) et à 50 % de R125 (pentafluoroéthane). C'est un gaz à effet de serre puissant (PRG = ). Il ne contribue pas à la destruction de la couche d'ozone stratosphérique. Il est aussi utilisé dans les domaines du CVC pour ses propriétés frigorifiques.
ÉvaporateurUn évaporateur est un appareillage réalisant dans une de ses parties un changement d'état du liquide au gaz. En génie chimique, l'évaporateur est un appareil dessiné pour concentrer une solution par apport d'énergie, la solution étant composée par un solvant volatil en mélange avec une phase non volatile. La différence entre évaporation et séchage est dans le résultat du procédé : un liquide dans l'évaporation, un solide dans le séchage. L'évaporation peut engendrer la précipitation de la phase non volatile, faisant ainsi un procédé de cristallisation.
Forced-airA forced-air central heating system is one which uses air as its heat transfer medium. These systems rely on ductwork, vents, and plenums as means of air distribution, separate from the actual heating and air conditioning systems. The return plenum carries the air from several large return grills (vents) to a central air handler for re-heating. The supply plenum directs air from the central unit to the rooms which the system is designed to heat. Regardless of type, all air handlers consist of an air filter, blower, heat exchanger/element/coil, and various controls.
Jacob PerkinsJacob Perkins ( - ) est un inventeur, ingénieur mécanicien et physicien américain, né à Newburyport, Massachusetts. Il commença comme apprenti chez un orfèvre et se fit bientôt connaître par de nombreuses inventions, pour lesquelles il déposa quarante brevets (21 brevets américains et 19 anglais). Il émigra en 1819 en Angleterre, avec un projet de gravure de billets de banque sur acier : ce fut un succès, poursuivi en partenariat avec le graveur anglais Heath.
Temperature–entropy diagramIn thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s) during a thermodynamic process or cycle as the graph of a curve. It is a useful and common tool, particularly because it helps to visualize the heat transfer during a process. For reversible (ideal) processes, the area under the T–s curve of a process is the heat transferred to the system during that process. Working fluids are often categorized on the basis of the shape of their T–s diagram.
Chaudière à condensationvignette|redresse|Une chaudière à condensation. La chaudière à condensation est une chaudière ayant la particularité de tirer profit de la chaleur latente de la vapeur d'eau contenue dans les gaz d'échappement, en condensant ces vapeurs avant de rejeter l'eau sous forme liquide. Ainsi le rendement (rapport de l'énergie fournie au circuit d'eau chaude par la chaudière sur la chaleur émise lors de la combustion) peut théoriquement augmenter de 11 % du pouvoir calorifique inférieur (PCI) pour une chaudière au gaz et de 6 % du PCI d'une chaudière au mazout.
Working fluid selectionHeat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid. Refrigeration and heat pump technologies often refer to working fluids as refrigerants. Most thermodynamic cycles make use of the latent heat (advantages of phase change) of the working fluid. In case of other cycles the working fluid remains in gaseous phase while undergoing all the processes of the cycle.
Geothermal heatingGeothermal heating is the direct use of geothermal energy for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270 PJ of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28 GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption. Thermal efficiency is high since no energy conversion is needed, but capacity factors tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.
Flash evaporationFlash evaporation (or partial evaporation) is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations. If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel so that the flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to as a flash drum.
