Coleoptera

Résumé

Les coléoptères (Coleoptera) sont un ordre d'insectes holométaboles dotés d'élytres protégeant leurs ailes. Le mot « coléoptère » vient du grec « fourreau » et « aile ». Il s'agit de l'ordre animal qui comporte le plus grand nombre d'espèces décrites (près de décrites en 2015 mais le nombre total, basé sur des estimations statistiques, est évalué à 1,5 million d'espèces). Beaucoup d'espèces ou de groupes d'espèces ont des noms vernaculaires bien implantés ; les scarabées, les coccinelles, les lucanes, les chrysomèles, les hannetons, les charançons, les carabes, les leptures, par exemple, sont des coléoptères. Pourvus d'un blindage efficace en transformant les ailes du dessus en étuis protecteurs, d'un exosquelette rigide, d'un régime alimentaire diversifié, d'un potentiel de reproduction élevé et d'un stade nymphal de la métamorphose, ces facteurs favorisant la colonisation de nombreuses niches écologiques expliquent leur succès évolutif. Leurs caractères synapomorphiques sont un

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoptera

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (5)

Publications associées

Chargement

Personnes associées

Chargement

Unités associées

Chargement

Concepts associés (90)

Concepts associés

Chargement

Cours associés (5)

Cours associés

Chargement

Séances de cours associées (5)

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

Stag Beetle Elytra: Localized Shape Retention and Puncture/Wear Resistance

Roberto Guarino

Beetles are by far one of the most successful groups of insects, with large diversity in terms of number of species. A part of this success is attributed to their elytra, which provide various functions such as protection to their bodies from mechanical forces. In this study, stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) elytra were first examined for their overall flexural properties and were observed to have a localized shape-retaining snap-through mechanism, which may play a possible role in partly absorbing impact energy, e.g., during battles and falls from heights. The snap-through mechanism was validated using theoretical calculations and also finite element simulations. Elytra were also characterized to examine their puncture and wear resistance. Our results show that elytra have a puncture resistance that is much higher than that of mandible bites. The measured values of modulus and hardness of elytra exocuticle were 10.3 +/- 0.8 GPa and 0.7 +/- 0.1 GPa, respectively. Using the hardness-to-modulus ratio as an indicator of wear resistance, the estimated value was observed to be in the range of wear-resistant biological material such as blood worms (Glyrcera dibranchiata). Thus, our study demonstrates different mechanical properties of the stag beetle elytra, which can be explored to design shape-retaining bio-inspired composites with enhanced puncture and wear resistance.

2019

Chargement

Not gone with the wind: Active microscale flight with highly porous bristled wings

Pedro Miguel Nunes Pereira de Almeida Reis

The finesse of sub-millimeter insect flight with comb-like bristled wings raises intriguing questions, not only on fluid-structure interactions (FSI) but also on the mechanical behavior of the underlying, highly porous structures. Farisenkov et al. characterized the morphology and kinematics of one of the smallest flying insects, the featherwing beetle Paratuposa placentis. Their simulations of this beetle in flight quantified crucial aspects of its aerodynamics, explaining why porous bristled wings enable flight and how they produce unexpected speeds and accelerations.

ELSEVIER2022

Chargement

, , ,

Trait-based approaches can reveal the mechanisms through which disturbances or stress impact communities, allowing comparisons of the role of different mechanisms in shaping communities among taxonomic groups. Such information can lead to higher comparability, transferability and predictability of the outcome of restoration projects. However, multitaxa trait-based approaches were rarely used in the context of ecosystem restoration. We investigated the responses to environmental gradients of seven taxa (vascular plants, staphylinid and carabid beetles, spiders, isopods, diplopods and earthworms) in a restored floodplain using a species traits approach. We assessed the impact of flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on the functional diversity (FD) and community-weighted mean (CWM) response of traits for each taxon. Ordination of hydrological variables revealed two main gradients. The first was related to the spatiotemporal dynamics of flood disturbances and the second to the average changes in soil hydric conditions. The analysis of CWM revealed that larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were filtered by regular floods and/or changes in soil hydric conditions. Functional diversity patterns differed between the two gradients: decreasing with increasing flood disturbance, but increasing along the soil hydric stress gradient. This suggests that the mechanisms shaping community composition differ between the two gradients with environmental filtering being dominant with increasing flood disturbances and competition decreasing with more soil hydric stress.Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that the impact of restored flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on plant and invertebrate functional diversity and community-weighted mean can be positive, negative or more complex depending on the taxonomic group and environmental gradient considered. The patterns can to some extent be explained by the specific characteristics of each group. Larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were particularly vulnerable to changes in disturbance and stress regime following floodplain restoration. These species may therefore be lost in the initial phases of restoration projects, but other more characteristic species of dynamic floodplains will be favoured. Understanding the consequences of these contrasted responses for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning constitutes the next challenge for ecosystem restoration. Our study shows that the impact of restored flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on plant and invertebrate functional diversity and community-weighted mean can be positive, negative or more complex depending on the taxonomic group and environmental gradient considered. The patterns can to some extent be explained by the specific characteristics of each group. Larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were particularly vulnerable to changes in disturbance and stress regime following floodplain restoration. These species may therefore be lost in the initial phases of restoration projects, but other more characteristic species of dynamic floodplains will be favoured. Understanding the consequences of these contrasted responses for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning constitutes the next challenge for ecosystem restoration.

Wiley-Blackwell2015

Chargement

, , ,

Wiley-Blackwell2015