Linda ZagzebskiLinda Trinkaus Zagzebski (born 1946) is an American philosopher. She is the Emerita George Lynn Cross Research Professor, as well as Emerita Kingfisher College Chair of the Philosophy of Religion and Ethics, at the University of Oklahoma. She writes in the areas of epistemology, philosophy of religion, and virtue theory. Zagzebski received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University, her Master of Arts degree from University of California, Berkeley, and her Doctor of Philosophy degree from University of California, Los Angeles in 1979 with a dissertation on "Natural Kinds" under the supervision of Tyler Burge.
Virtue epistemologyVirtue epistemology is a current philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual and specifically epistemic virtues. Virtue epistemology evaluates knowledge according to the properties of the persons who hold beliefs in addition to or instead of the properties of the propositions and beliefs. Some advocates of virtue epistemology also adhere to theories of virtue ethics, while others see only loose analogy between virtue in ethics and virtue in epistemology.
Declarative knowledgeDeclarative knowledge is an awareness of facts that can be expressed using declarative sentences, like knowing that Princess Diana died in 1997. It is also called theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that. It is not restricted to one specific use or purpose and can be stored in books or on computers. Epistemology is the main discipline studying declarative knowledge. Among other things, it studies the essential components of declarative knowledge.
Gettier problemThe Gettier problem, in the field of epistemology, is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed to American philosopher Edmund Gettier, Gettier-type counterexamples (called "Gettier-cases") challenge the long-held justified true belief (JTB) account of knowledge. The JTB account holds that knowledge is equivalent to justified true belief; if all three conditions (justification, truth, and belief) are met of a given claim, then we have knowledge of that claim.
InfallibilismInfallibilism is the epistemological view that propositional knowledge is incompatible with the possibility of being wrong. In philosophy, infallibilism (sometimes called "epistemic infallibilism") is the view that knowing the truth of a proposition is incompatible with there being any possibility that the proposition could be false. This is typically understood as indicating that for a belief to count as knowledge, one's evidence or justification must provide one with such strong grounds that the belief must be true, or equivalently, that it is completely impossible for it to be false.
Bayesian epistemologyBayesian epistemology is a formal approach to various topics in epistemology that has its roots in Thomas Bayes' work in the field of probability theory. One advantage of its formal method in contrast to traditional epistemology is that its concepts and theorems can be defined with a high degree of precision. It is based on the idea that beliefs can be interpreted as subjective probabilities. As such, they are subject to the laws of probability theory, which act as the norms of rationality.
DefeaterA defeater of a belief is evidence that this belief is false. Defeaters are of particular interest to epistemology because they affect whether a belief is justified. An important distinction is between undercutting and rebutting defeaters. Undercutting defeaters remove evidential support for a belief while rebutting defeaters provide evidential support for the opposite thesis of the belief. Defeaters play a central role in modern developments of defeasible reasoning.
CertitudeLa certitude est l'assurance pleine et entière de l'exactitude de quelque chose. L'emploi du concept de « certitude » a, depuis l'Antiquité, été l'objet de multiples mises en garde philosophiques en la désignant souvent comme un idéal. Platon, dans La République, s'interroge sur une certaine illusion du savoir : une certitude immédiate (ou opinion) que l'on devrait distinguer de la vérité, en cela qu'elle puisse en avoir les apparences externes sans l'être tout à fait.
InfinitismeLinfinitisme est l'idée que la connaissance peut être justifiée par une chaîne infinie de raisons. Elle relève de l'épistémologie, branche de la philosophie qui considère la possibilité, la nature et les moyens de la connaissance. Depuis Gettier, la connaissance n'est plus largement acceptée comme signifiant « croyance vraie justifiée ». Cependant, de nombreux épistémologues considèrent encore la connaissance comme devant avoir une condition de justification.
Justification (philosophie)En mathématiques, la justification est une démonstration visant à convaincre qu'une propriété (algébrique, géométrique, numérique...) est vraie. Par extension, en philosophie, la justification est un procédé rhétorique visant à légitimer, présenter comme pertinente et juste, une conception du monde. En épistémologie, la justification est une notion qui se compose de raisons ou preuves présentées en soutien à la vérité d'une croyance ou d'une affirmation, avec lesquelles elle se confond.
