Virtue epistemologyVirtue epistemology is a current philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual and specifically epistemic virtues. Virtue epistemology evaluates knowledge according to the properties of the persons who hold beliefs in addition to or instead of the properties of the propositions and beliefs. Some advocates of virtue epistemology also adhere to theories of virtue ethics, while others see only loose analogy between virtue in ethics and virtue in epistemology.
Declarative knowledgeDeclarative knowledge is an awareness of facts that can be expressed using declarative sentences, like knowing that Princess Diana died in 1997. It is also called theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that. It is not restricted to one specific use or purpose and can be stored in books or on computers. Epistemology is the main discipline studying declarative knowledge. Among other things, it studies the essential components of declarative knowledge.
Gettier problemThe Gettier problem, in the field of epistemology, is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed to American philosopher Edmund Gettier, Gettier-type counterexamples (called "Gettier-cases") challenge the long-held justified true belief (JTB) account of knowledge. The JTB account holds that knowledge is equivalent to justified true belief; if all three conditions (justification, truth, and belief) are met of a given claim, then we have knowledge of that claim.
InfallibilismInfallibilism is the epistemological view that propositional knowledge is incompatible with the possibility of being wrong. In philosophy, infallibilism (sometimes called "epistemic infallibilism") is the view that knowing the truth of a proposition is incompatible with there being any possibility that the proposition could be false. This is typically understood as indicating that for a belief to count as knowledge, one's evidence or justification must provide one with such strong grounds that the belief must be true, or equivalently, that it is completely impossible for it to be false.
Bayesian epistemologyBayesian epistemology is a formal approach to various topics in epistemology that has its roots in Thomas Bayes' work in the field of probability theory. One advantage of its formal method in contrast to traditional epistemology is that its concepts and theorems can be defined with a high degree of precision. It is based on the idea that beliefs can be interpreted as subjective probabilities. As such, they are subject to the laws of probability theory, which act as the norms of rationality.
CertitudeLa certitude est l'assurance pleine et entière de l'exactitude de quelque chose. L'emploi du concept de « certitude » a, depuis l'Antiquité, été l'objet de multiples mises en garde philosophiques en la désignant souvent comme un idéal. Platon, dans La République, s'interroge sur une certaine illusion du savoir : une certitude immédiate (ou opinion) que l'on devrait distinguer de la vérité, en cela qu'elle puisse en avoir les apparences externes sans l'être tout à fait.
InfinitismeLinfinitisme est l'idée que la connaissance peut être justifiée par une chaîne infinie de raisons. Elle relève de l'épistémologie, branche de la philosophie qui considère la possibilité, la nature et les moyens de la connaissance. Depuis Gettier, la connaissance n'est plus largement acceptée comme signifiant « croyance vraie justifiée ». Cependant, de nombreux épistémologues considèrent encore la connaissance comme devant avoir une condition de justification.
Justification (philosophie)En mathématiques, la justification est une démonstration visant à convaincre qu'une propriété (algébrique, géométrique, numérique...) est vraie. Par extension, en philosophie, la justification est un procédé rhétorique visant à légitimer, présenter comme pertinente et juste, une conception du monde. En épistémologie, la justification est une notion qui se compose de raisons ou preuves présentées en soutien à la vérité d'une croyance ou d'une affirmation, avec lesquelles elle se confond.
ReliabilismReliabilism, a category of theories in the philosophical discipline of epistemology, has been advanced as a theory both of justification and of knowledge. Process reliabilism has been used as an argument against philosophical skepticism, such as the brain in a vat thought experiment. Process reliabilism is a form of epistemic externalism. A broadly reliabilist theory of knowledge is roughly as follows: One knows that p (p stands for any proposition—e.g.
Philosophical methodologyIn its most common sense, philosophical methodology is the field of inquiry studying the methods used to do philosophy. But the term can also refer to the methods themselves. It may be understood in a wide sense as the general study of principles used for theory selection, or in a more narrow sense as the study of ways of conducting one's research and theorizing with the goal of acquiring philosophical knowledge.
