In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language. Ordinarily, both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages; to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language; to discover the development of phonological, morphological and other linguistic systems and to confirm or to refute hypothesised relationships between languages.
The comparative method emerged in the early 19th century with the birth of Indo-European studies, then took a definite scientific approach with the works of the Neogrammarians in the late 19th–early 20th century. Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) and Karl Verner (1846–1896), and the German scholar Jacob Grimm (1785–1863). The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a proto-language was August Schleicher (1821–1868) in his Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, originally published in 1861. Here is Schleicher's explanation of why he offered reconstructed forms:
In the present work an attempt is made to set forth the inferred Indo-European original language side by side with its really existent derived languages. Besides the advantages offered by such a plan, in setting immediately before the eyes of the student the final results of the investigation in a more concrete form, and thereby rendering easier his insight into the nature of particular Indo-European languages, there is, I think, another of no less importance gained by it, namely that it shows the baselessness of the assumption that the non-Indian Indo-European languages were derived from Old-Indian (Sanskrit).
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thumb|right|L'expansion des langues indo-européennes d'après l'hypothèse kourgane introduite par Marija Gimbutas. thumb|Distribution approximative actuelle des branches indo-européennes dans leurs terres d'origines en Europe et en Asie : Les zones hachurées ou en pointillé, indiquent les régions où le multilinguisme est fréquent ou la norme. thumb|Distribution approximative actuelle des langues indo-européennes parlées en Amérique : En linguistique, les langues indo-européennes forment une famille de langues étroitement apparentées ayant pour origine ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler l'indo-européen commun et .
Une famille de langues est un ensemble de langues apparentées qui ont évolué par transmission de génération en génération de locuteurs à partir d'une langue ancestrale commune. On parle de parenté généalogique ou génétique pour désigner ce type de relation ; le terme n'implique pas de parenté biologique entre les locuteurs des langues en question. La notion repose sur une analogie de l'évolution des langues avec celle des organismes vivants, selon le modèle de l'arbre généalogique.
Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and to determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families (comparative linguistics) to develop general theories about how and why language changes to describe the history of speech communities to study the history of words, i.
Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are often idealized with rate-independent simulation models. However, under dynamic loading, BRBs featuring low-yield point steel exhibit rate-dependency that may lead to appreciable amplifications of the BRB forces. This ...
ELSEVIER SCI LTD2021
This is a historical inquiry on self-help housing, or autoconstruction as its French equivalent, a term mainly overlooked by architects but favoured by policymakers for low-cost housing development. Self-help housing has been a field of ‘aid’ or ‘assistanc ...
2021
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We highlight fast Li-ion diffusion in hypothetical tetragonal Li10GeP2O12 (LGPO), as a counterpart to the well-known phases of orthorhombic (LISICON) LGPO, thio-LISICON, and tetragonal Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS). We use extended Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics i ...