Taille apparente

Résumé

vignette|Diamètre apparent d'un astre observé à l'œil nu. La taille apparente, ou taille angulaire ou diamètre apparent ou diamètre angulaire d'un objet vu à distance est la distance angulaire entre ses points extrêmes au point d'observation, c'est-à-dire l'angle entre les droites qui relient les extrémités de l'objet et l'observateur. On peut relier cette notion à celle d'angle solide ou angle tridimensionnel. Le diamètre angulaire est la seule mesure directement accessible en astronomie. En topographie ou en navigation maritime, la taille apparente d'objets dont on connaît la dimension permet d'en calculer la distance. Ce calcul suppose que la lumière se propage en ligne droite. Ce n'est pas toujours le cas en astronomie, notamment à proximité d'un corps massif comme une étoile ou à plus forte raison un trou noir. La taille apparente des objets, lorsqu'elle est estimée sans recours à des instruments, est l'objet d'illusions visuelles qui faussent gravement le jugement. Elle influence la perception des couleurs. Le calcul diffère légèrement pour un objet étendu et pour une sphère. Dans les deux cas, on aboutit à une relation approximative linéaire entre distance, taille et diamètre apparent. Cette notion est utile dans la compréhension des éclipses, avec comme subtilité, la distinction entre une éclipse totale et une éclipse annulaire. On l'utilise aussi en optique géométrique, notamment dans l'étude des télescopes. Plusieurs méthodes peuvent être utilisées afin de déterminer ou prévoir cet angle. Un objet ayant une dimension d dans une orientation perpendiculaire à la direction de l'observation, vu centré à une distance D, intercepte un angle δ. La moitié de la dimension de l'objet et les droites qui joignent la position de l'observateur au milieu de l'objet et à une de ses extrémités forment un triangle rectangle, dont l'angle au point d'observation est la moitié de δ, et pour lequel, par définition, On en tire immédiatement Pour des objets suffisamment distants, c’est-à-dire tels que la distance D est grande devant la taille d, cette expression peut s'écrire (δ en radians).

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taille_apparente

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Séances de cours associées (42)

A new Additive-Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing concept is proposed to improve the printing resolution for metal additive manufacturing in the frame of the SFA-AM project, Powder Focusing for Beam-Induced Laser 3D Printing. The project aims to transport small powder particles (largest diameter < 10 um) at a high throughput to a spot smaller than 20 µm. To realize the objective, a metal ion included liquid is suggested as a source medium similar to the inkjet process, and the droplet is employed as a container for the metal ion transport. The key challenges of achieving this goal are 1) droplet size control and 2) efficient microwave heating that can dry the liquid portion of the dynamic droplet at a high-speed (3 m/s). The most demanding part is the development of a miniaturized, very concentrated field density microwave resonator where the droplet is passing through. This follows from the extremely short interaction time between the microwave and the ejected droplets (research: 0.5 ms) which results from the requirement for a small system size for its integration. The primary medium examined for the experiment is water due to 1) a high dielectric loss proportional to the drying efficiency and 2) avoiding explosion risks at the laser sintering stage compared to organic solutions. Various droplet generation conditions were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for the custom droplet generator, in particular, two key parameters were focused on: frequency and flow rate. The droplets obtained were analyzed with respect to size, gap distance, and linearity affecting the uniformity of the AM process. Moreover, Navier-Stokes-based fluid dynamics simulations enabled understanding of droplets behaviors, especially break-up formation. Eventually, the optimal condition for producing the smallest droplets with a diameter of 100 µm is determined to be 15 kHz and 0.5 ml/min. Such droplets loaded with metallic particles could result in smaller than 20 um of remaining metal powders aggregate after the drying process.A new TEM (Transverse ElectroMagnetic) resonator has been developed for drying and sensing applications. A full-wave electromagnetic simulation software, CST Microwave Studio, supported the working mode of the device. Firstly, it is used for the dielectric characterizations of different water-ethanol mixtures contained in a micro capillary. The sensing relies on electric field perturbation due to the inserted sample, and is measured based on the change of both resonance frequency and Q-factor. These sample-dependent variations were analyzed to estimate the complex permittivity using different methods such as the Perturbation Method (PM), Least-Square Model (LSM), and Log-Linear Model (LLM). This work demonstrates that the proposed microwave module is capable of sensing nano-liter volume ranges even though the samples only partially influence the sensing area (error < 13 % in permittivity). In microwave heating, the developed resonator achieved a temperature increase of 28 K in the microwave exposal time of 0.5 ms when the microwave power of 45 W was applied. Finally, numerical models have been proposed to estimate the maximum temperature of the initial droplet before cooling starts attributable to heat and mass transfer. This model well corresponds to the microwave electromagnetic simulation resulting in similar temperature deviations. It helps to determine the net heating efficiency of the microwave device.

EPFL2022

Integrated angular tracking and plasmonic membrane surfaces for a point of a care refractive index sensor

Hatice Altug, Harry Heinzelmann, Cenk Ibrahim Özdemir, Marie-Claude Bay

We present an optical system which integrates a plasmonic sensing surface and an angular tracking system to enable a compact refractive index measurement. A refractive index change at the surface of the sensing membrane causes a change in the angle at which monochromatic light is transmitted through the membrane. This transmission angle is measured by the angular tracking system. We show good theoretical and experimental agreement of the transmission of the plasmonic sensing surface at different angular illumination of the membranes. Using this compact optical setup the embedded angular tracking system has an accuracy of

Spie-Int Soc Optical Engineering2016

A Multi-Site Campaign To Measure Solar-Like Oscillations In Procyon. Ii. Mode Frequencies

We have analyzed data from a multi-site campaign to observe oscillations in the F5 star Procyon. The data consist of high-precision velocities that we obtained over more than three weeks with 11 telescopes. A new method for adjusting the data weights allows us to suppress the sidelobes in the power spectrum. Stacking the power spectrum in a so-called echelle diagram reveals two clear ridges, which we identify with even and odd values of the angular degree (l = 0 and 2, and l = 1 and 3, respectively). We interpret a strong, narrow peak at 446 mu Hz that lies close to the l = 1 ridge as a mode with mixed character. We show that the frequencies of the ridge centroids and their separations are useful diagnostics for asteroseismology. In particular, variations in the large separation appear to indicate a glitch in the sound-speed profile at an acoustic depth of similar to 1000 s. We list frequencies for 55 modes extracted from the data spanning 20 radial orders, a range comparable to the best solar data, which will provide valuable constraints for theoretical models. A preliminary comparison with published models shows that the offset between observed and calculated frequencies for the radial modes is very different for Procyon than for the Sun and other cool stars. We find the mean lifetime of the modes in Procyon to be 1.29(-0.49)(+0.55) days, which is significantly shorter than the 2-4 days seen in the Sun.

2010

EPFL2022