Ring spinningRing spinning is a spindle-based method of spinning fibres, such as cotton, flax or wool, to make a yarn. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of Arkwright's water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process, unlike mule spinning which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning, the roving is first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer.
Cotton-spinning machineryCotton-spinning machinery is machines which process (or spin) prepared cotton roving into workable yarn or thread. Such machinery can be dated back centuries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, as part of the Industrial Revolution cotton-spinning machinery was developed to bring mass production to the cotton industry. Cotton spinning machinery was installed in large factories, commonly known as cotton mills. Spinning wheel The spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by 1030.
Tissagevignette|Fil de chaîne (1) et fil de trame (2). vignette|Femme indienne tissant avec un métier à tisser manuel. Le tissage est un procédé de production de tissu dans laquelle deux ensembles distincts de filés ou fils sont entrelacés à angle droit pour former l'étoffe. Les autres méthodes sont le tricot, la dentelle et le feutrage. Les fils dans la longueur du tissu sont appelés fils de chaîne et les fils perpendiculaires à la chaîne sont les fils de trame ou de remplissage.
Travail des enfantsvignette|Enfants au travail au Honduras, 1999 Le travail des enfants est la participation de personnes mineures à des activités à finalité économique et s’apparentant plus ou moins fortement à l’exercice d’une profession par un adulte. Au niveau international, l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) le définit en comparant l’âge à la pénibilité de la tâche, du moins pour les enfants de plus de douze ans.
Beam engineA beam engine is a type of steam engine where a pivoted overhead beam is used to apply the force from a vertical piston to a vertical connecting rod. This configuration, with the engine directly driving a pump, was first used by Thomas Newcomen around 1705 to remove water from mines in Cornwall. The efficiency of the engines was improved by engineers including James Watt, who added a separate condenser; Jonathan Hornblower and Arthur Woolf, who compounded the cylinders; and William McNaught, who devised a method of compounding an existing engine.
