Bulle Internet

La bulle Internet ou bulle technologique est une bulle spéculative qui a affecté les « valeurs technologiques », c'est-à-dire celles des secteurs liés à l'informatique et aux télécommunications, sur les marchés d'actions à la fin des années 1990. Son apogée a eu lieu en . Le modèle économique du commerce électronique, lié à ce que l'on appelle l'immatériel, est rendu célèbre par Amazon, eBay et AOL, des sociétés profitant d'une bulle des capitalisations boursières des jeunes sociétés sans équivalent dans l'histoire, qui finit en krach, phénomène touchant aussi de nombreuses petites sociétés de biotechnologies. En 2012, on parle de seconde bulle Internet, devant le constat d'une répétition des événements survenus dix ans plus tôt. Déroulement Période d'euphorie (1995-2000) Les premiers symptômes de la bulle technologique apparaissent en 1995. La frénésie des investisseurs lors de l'introduction en bourse de Netscape fait monter le cours de l'action de la jeun

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Viscous growth and rebound of a bubble near a rigid surface

François Gallaire, Giacomo Gallino

Motivated by the dynamics of microbubbles near catalytic surfaces in bubble-powered microrockets, we consider theoretically the growth of a free spherical bubble near a flat no-slip surface in a Stokes flow. The flow at the bubble surface is characterised by a constant slip length allowing us to tune the hydrodynamic mobility of its surface and tackle in one formulation both clean and contaminated bubbles as well as rigid shells. Starting with a bubble of infinitesimal size, the fluid flow and hydrodynamic forces on the growing bubble are obtained analytically. We demonstrate that, depending on the value of the bubble slip length relative to the initial distance to the wall, the bubble will either monotonically drain the fluid separating it from the wall, which will exponentially thin, or it will bounce off the surface once before eventually draining the thin film. Clean bubbles are shown to be a singular limit which always monotonically get repelled from the surface. The bouncing events for bubbles with finite slip lengths are further analysed in detail in the lubrication limit. In particular, we identify the origin of the reversal of the hydrodynamic force direction as due to the change in the flow pattern in the film between the bubble and the surface and to the associated lubrication pressure. Last, the final drainage dynamics of the film is observed to follow a universal algebraic scaling for all finite slip lengths.

CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS2018

Chargement

Physics of Bubble-Propelled Microrockets

François Gallaire, Giacomo Gallino

A popular method to induce synthetic propulsion at the microscale is to use the forces created by surface-produced gas bubbles inside the asymmetric body of a catalytic swimmer (referred to in the literature as microrocket). Gas bubbles nucleate and grow within the swimmer and migrate toward one of its openings due to asymmetric geometric conﬁnement, generating a net hydrodynamic force which propels the device. Here, numerical simulations are used to develop a joint chemical (diffusive) and hydrodynamic (Stokes) analysis of the bubble growth within a conical catalytic microrocket and of the associated bubble and microrocket motion. With this computational model, the bubble dynamics are solved for over one bubble cycle ranging from its nucleation to its exiting the conical rocket, and the propulsion characteristics are identiﬁed as a function of all design parameters (geometry and chemical activity of the motor, surface tension, physicochemical constants). The results suggest that hydrodynamics and chemistry partially decouple in the motion of the bubbles, with hydrodynamics determining the distance travelled by the microrocket over each cycle while chemistry sets the bubble ejection frequency. This numerical model allows for the identiﬁcation of an optimal microrocket shape and size for which the distance travelled per cycle duration is maximized.

2018

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The Hydrodynamics of a Micro-Rocket Propelled by a Deformable Bubble

François Gallaire, Giacomo Gallino, Lailai Zhu

We perform simulations to study the hydrodynamics of a conical-shaped swimming micro-robot that ejects catalytically produced bubbles from its inside. We underline the nontrivial dependency of the swimming velocity on the bubble deformability and on the geometry of the swimmer. We identify three distinct phases during the bubble evolution: immediately after nucleation the bubble is spherical and its inflation barely affects the swimming speed; then the bubble starts to deform due to the confinement gradient generating a force that propels the swimmer; while in the last phase, the bubble exits the cone, resulting in an increase in the swimmer velocity. Our results shed light on the fundamental hydrodynamics of the propulsion of catalytic conical swimmers and may help to improve the efficiency of these micro-machines.

2019

Chargement

Google

Google LLC est une entreprise américaine de services technologiques fondée en dans la Silicon Valley, en Californie, par Larry Page et Sergey Brin, créateurs du moteur de recherche Google. C'est un

Amazon

Amazon (NASDAQ : AMZN) est une multinationale américaine basée à Seattle. Fondée par Jeff Bezos en , l'entreprise a été introduite en Bourse au NASDAQ en . L'activité initiale de la société Amazon

Capital risque

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