Antoine-Augustin CournotAntoine Augustin Cournot, né le à Gray (Haute-Saône) et mort le à Paris, est un mathématicien et philosophe français qui s'est intéressé notamment à la formalisation des théories économiques. Il est ainsi un des premiers à avoir formulé un modèle de l'offre et de la demande. Antoine Augustin Cournot naît à Gray dans la Haute-Saône le ; son père Claude Cournot est négociant. Il fait ses études au collège de Gray (aujourd’hui lycée Augustin Cournot) de 1809 à 1816 d'où il sort sans le baccalauréat ès lettres mais avec un prix d'excellence et de mathématiques.
Price systemIn economics, a price system is a system through which the valuations of any forms of property (tangible or intangible) are determined. All societies use price systems in the allocation and exchange of resources as a consequence of scarcity. Even in a barter system with no money, price systems are still utilized in the determination of exchange ratios (relative valuations) between the properties being exchanged.
Equity (economics)Equity, or economic equality, is the concept or idea of fairness in economics, particularly in regard to taxation or welfare economics. More specifically, it may refer to a movement that strives to provide equal life chances regardless of identity, to provide all citizens with a basic and equal minimum of income, goods, and services or to increase funds and commitment for redistribution. According to Peter Corning, there are three distinct categories of substantive fairness (equality, equity, and reciprocity) that must be combined and balanced in order to achieve a truly fair society.
Compromis (économie)En économie, un compromis (en anglais trade-off ou tradeoff) est une décision situationnelle qui implique de diminuer ou de perdre une qualité, une quantité ou une propriété d'un ensemble ou d'un design, en échange de gains dans d'autres aspects. En d'autres termes, un compromis est une décision qui fait d'un côté augmenter quelque chose, de l'autre diminuer autre chose.
Allocative efficiencyAllocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production is aligned with consumer preferences; in particular, the set of outputs is chosen so as to maximize the wellbeing of society. This is achieved if every good or service is produced up until the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of production. In economics, allocative efficiency entails production at the point on the production possibilities frontier that is optimal for society.
Production potentielleLa production potentielle (en anglais, potential output) désigne le niveau de production (mesuré par le produit intérieur brut) le plus élevé qu'un système économique donné peut réaliser tout en étant soutenable, c'est-à-dire sans excès inflationnistes. Le PIB potentiel n'est pas le niveau maximal de production réalisable à un moment donné, mais son niveau maximal soutenable, c'est-à-dire la production maximale sans inflation sur le moyen terme.
Rivalité (économie)En économie, la rivalité est une propriété d'un bien dont la consommation par un agent diminue la quantité de bien disponible pour les autres agents. À l'inverse, la non-rivalité désigne le fait que la consommation d'un bien par un agent n'a pas d'effet sur la quantité disponible de ce bien pour les autres individus. On appelle bien rival un bien dont la consommation par un agent diminue l'utilité (au sens de satisfaction) disponible pour les autres agents.
Foundations of Economic AnalysisFoundations of Economic Analysis is a book by Paul A. Samuelson published in 1947 (Enlarged ed., 1983) by Harvard University Press. It is based on Samuelson's 1941 doctoral dissertation at Harvard University. The book sought to demonstrate a common mathematical structure underlying multiple branches of economics from two basic principles: maximizing behavior of agents (such as of utility by consumers and profits by firms) and stability of equilibrium as to economic systems (such as markets or economies).
An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic ScienceLionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to "accepted solutions of particular problems" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists. Robbins disclaims originality but expresses hope to have given expository force on a very few points to some principles "not always clearly stated" (1935, pp.
Aggregation problemIn economics, an aggregate is a summary measure. It replaces a vector that is composed of many real numbers by a single real number, or a scalar. Consequently, there occur various problems that are inherent in the formulations that use aggregated variables. The aggregation problem is the difficult problem of finding a valid way to treat an empirical or theoretical aggregate as if it reacted like a less-aggregated measure, say, about behavior of an individual agent as described in general microeconomic theory (see Representative agent, Heterogeneity in economics).
