Bouche

Résumé

La bouche, également dénommé cavité buccale, ou encore cavité orale, est l'ouverture par laquelle la nourriture d'un animal entre dans son corps. Le mot « » s'utilise aussi, mais avec un sens familier voire grossier lorsqu'il est question d'un être humain. Le terme gueule est scientifiquement réservé aux mammifères du genre Carnivora, ou plus généralement aux vertébrés carnivores. Cet organe est habituellement situé au niveau de la Tête. Les planaires, notamment, font exception puisque leur bouche se situe au milieu de leur ventre. La plupart des animaux ont un système digestif complet, avec une bouche à une extrémité et un anus à l'autre. Selon l'extrémité qui se forme en premier en embryologie, on peut classifier les animaux en protostomiens et deutérostomiens. Quelques animaux n'ont pas d'anus : ils excrètent leurs déchets par la bouche. C'est le cas des cnidaires et des planaires, ainsi que des brachiopodes, qui ont un système digestif très efficace (le tube étant enroulé aut

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouche

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Generalization of motor resonance during the observation of hand, mouth, and eye movements

Michela Bassolino

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex shows that hand action observation (AO) modulates corticospinal excitability (CSE). CSE modulation alternatively maps low-level kinematic characteristics or higher-level features, like object-directed action goals. However, action execution is achieved through the control of muscle synergies, consisting of coordinated patterns of muscular activity during natural movements, rather than single muscles or object-directed goals. This synergistic organization of action execution also underlies the ability to produce the same functional output (i.e., grasping an object) using different effectors. We hypothesize that motor system activation during AO may rely on similar principles. To investigate this issue, we recorded both hand CSE and TMS-evoked finger movements which provide a much more complete description of coordinated patterns of muscular activity. Subjects passively watched hand, mouth and eyelid opening or closing, which are performing non-object-directed (intransitive) actions. Hand and mouth share the same potential to grasp objects, whereas eyelid does not allow object-directed (transitive) actions. Hand CSE modulation generalized to all effectors, while TMS evoked finger movements only to mouth AO. Such dissociation suggests that the two techniques may have different sensitivities to fine motor modulations induced by AO. Differently from evoked movements, which are sensitive to the possibility to achieve object-directed action, CSE is generically modulated by "opening" vs. "closing" movements, independently of which effector was observed. We propose that motor activities during AO might exploit the same synergistic mechanisms shown for the neural control of movement and organized around a limited set of motor primitives.

Amer Physiological Soc2015

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Air temperature investigation in microenvironment around a human body

Dusan Licina

The aim of this study is to investigate the temperature boundary layer around a human body in a quiescent indoor environment. The air temperature, mean in time and standard deviation of the temperature fluctuations around a breathing thermal manikin are examined in relation to the room temperature, body posture and human respiratory flow. To determine to what extent the experiments represent the realistic scenario, the additional experiments were performed with a real human subject. The results show that at a lower room air temperature (20 °C), the fluctuations of air temperature increased close to the surface of the body. The large standard deviation of air temperature fluctuations, up to 1.2 °C, was recorded in the region of the chest, and up to 2.9 °C when the exhalation was applied. The manikin leaned backwards increased the air temperature in the breathing zone, which was opposite from the forward body inclination. Exhalation through the mouth created a steady air temperature drop with increased distance from the mouth without disturbing the region of the chest. Exhalation through the nose did not affect the air temperature in front of the chest due to physics of the jets flow from the nose. The additional carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements showed that the exhaled air from the nose could penetrate the region below the chest. Small discrepancies between the results obtained with the breathing thermal manikin and a real human subject suggest that the manikin can be used for accurate measurements of occupant's thermal microenvironment.

2015

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