Angleterre

Résumé

L'Angleterre (en anglais : England ; en cornique : Pow Sows) est une nation constitutive du Royaume-Uni. Elle est entourée par le pays de Galles à l'ouest et l'Écosse au nord, et par la mer d'Irlande au nord-ouest, la mer Celtique au sud-ouest, la mer du Nord à l'est, et la Manche au sud, qui la sépare de l'Europe continentale. Son territoire couvre cinq-huitièmes de l'île de Grande-Bretagne, qui est située dans l'Atlantique Nord, et il comprend plus de cent petites îles, comme celles de Scilly et de Wight. Le territoire anglais commença à être peuplé durant le Paléolithique supérieur, et tire son nom des Angles, un peuple germanique dont le nom est dérivé d'Angeln, et qui s'installa entre le et le . L'Angleterre devint un État unifié en 927, et eut une influence culturelle et juridique considérable sur le reste du monde, depuis les grandes découvertes. La langue anglaise, l'Église anglicane et le droit anglais (la base du système juridique de la common law, servant dans de nombr

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre

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Cours associés (17)

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On the Effectiveness of Time Travel to Inject COVID-19 Alerts

Serge Vaudenay, Martin Vuagnoux

Digital contact tracing apps allow to alert people who have been in contact with people who may be contagious. The Google/Apple Exposure Notification (GAEN) system is based on Bluetooth proximity estimation. It has been adopted by many countries around the world. However, many possible attacks are known. The goal of some of them is to inject a false alert on someone else's phone. This way, an adversary can eliminate a competitor in a sport event or a business in general. Political parties can also prevent people from voting. In this report, we review several methods to inject false alerts. One of them requires to corrupt the clock of the smartphone of the victim. For that, we build a time-traveling machine to be able to remotely set up the clock on a smartphone and experiment our attack. We show how easy this can be done. We successfully tested several smartphones with either the Swiss or the Italian app (SwissCovid or Immuni). We confirm it also works on other GAEN-based apps: NHS~COVID-19 (in England and Wales), Corona-Warn-App (in Germany), and Coronalert (Belgium). The time-machine can also be used in active attack to identify smartphones. We can recognize smartphones that we have passively seen in the past. We can passively recognize in the future smartphones that we can see in present. We can also make smartphones identify themselves with a unique number. Finally, we report a simpler attack which needs no time machine but relies on the existence of still-valid keys reported on the server. We observed the case in several countries. The attack is made trivial in Austria, Denmark, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Alabama, Delaware, Wyoming, Canada, and England & Wales. Other regions are affected by interoperability too.

Springer, Cham2021

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Leprosy, caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae or the recently discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis, was once endemic in humans in the British Isles. Red squirrels in Great Britain (Sciurus vulgaris) have increasingly been observed with leprosy-like lesions on the head and limbs. Using genomics, histopathology, and serology, we found M. lepromatosis in squirrels from England, Ireland, and Scotland, and M. leprae in squirrels from Brownsea Island, England. Infection was detected in overtly diseased and seemingly healthy animals. Phylogenetic comparisons of British and Irish M. lepromatosis with two Mexican strains from humans show that they diverged from a common ancestor around 27,000 years ago, whereas the M. leprae strain is closest to one that circulated in Medieval England. Red squirrels are thus a reservoir for leprosy in the British Isles.

American Association for the Advancement of Science2016

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