Communauté économique européenne

La Communauté économique européenne (CEE) est une ancienne organisation supranationale créée en 1957 pour mener une intégration économique (dont le marché commun) entre l'Allemagne , la Belgique, la France, l'Italie, le Luxembourg et les Pays-Bas. Elle connaît des élargissements pour inclure douze États (soit six de plus). À partir de 1967, les institutions de la Communauté économique européenne dirigeaient la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier (CECA) et la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique (désignées alors Communautés européennes). Quand l'Union européenne est créée le , la CEE devient la Communauté européenne (CE), un des trois piliers de l'Union européenne. Avec la fin de la structure en piliers en 2007, les institutions de la CEE perdurent en tant qu'institutions de l'Union. Histoire et évolution des années 50 à nos jours Histoire de l'Union européenne Contexte En 1951, la signature du traité de Paris créa la Communauté européenne du

Contributing to the Quality of PV Solar Modules in West Africa

In this work, we present the set up of a testing facility for photovoltaic (PV) modules and other PV system components in Dakar, Senegal. This creation is the result of a collaboration between the Polytechnic Schools of Dakar (ESP) and Lausanne (EPFL) aiming at improving the quality of PV systems by selecting components with sufficient quality. This testing center should also contribute to the education of all actors involved in the PV sector and contribute to research activities on the aging and failure mode analysis of PV modules exposed to sub-Saharian climates such as the hot semiarid climate of Dakar region but also those of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, including Senegal.

WIP GmbH2019

Chapter 6: Design and Design Frameworks: Investment in KBC and economic performance

Tilo Peters, Christopher Tucci

This chapter addresses the nature and the economic impact of design by looking at design-related intellectual property and how businesses protect their knowledge based capital. The chapter reviews the nature and various definitions of design and how design-related IP, specifically registered designs, relates to other formal IP mechanisms such as patents, trademarks, and copyright. It looks at the primary areas of design activity in a subset of OECD countries and investigates the similarities and differences of the constituent design IP regimes as well as the various treaties governing international design IP regulation. The review continues with an examination of how design-related IP functions in comparison to and in conjunction with other formal and informal IP protection mechanisms and what factors motivate firms to choose and appropriate combinations of protection mechanisms. By examining historical patterns of design registrations in a variety of ways, this chapter identifies trends, at the national level, of how firms perceive the importance of design-related IP. Analysis of national origins of registrations in both the European Community and the United States provides an indicator of the activity of those countries’ businesses relative to their proximities to the markets. It explores the existence of possible alternative indicators for design activity and of industry-specific variations across the sample set. The chapter concludes with a review of input and output measures as stated in the limited set of studies that have endeavoured to establish or quantify the value and/or benefit of design and design-related IP. The studies, while clearly suggesting that design does have economic benefits, both at the firm and overall economic levels, largely use qualitative or subjective indicators because the data necessary for large-scale econometric analysis are generally not available. This chapter is intended to be exploratory rather than comprehensive or conclusive. It should be considered as an initial step towards the possibility of a broader and deeper analysis of design-related issues.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development2015

Chapter 6: Design and Design Frameworks: Investment in KBC and economic performance

Tilo Peters, Christopher Tucci

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development2015

Communauté économique européenne

Contributing to the Quality of PV Solar Modules in West Africa

Study and simulation of the dynamics of competition between Supply Chains on a common market

Chapter 6: Design and Design Frameworks: Investment in KBC and economic performance

Contributing to the Quality of PV Solar Modules in West Africa

Chapter 6: Design and Design Frameworks: Investment in KBC and economic performance

Study and simulation of the dynamics of competition between Supply Chains on a common market