Rational egoismRational egoism (also called rational selfishness) is the principle that an action is rational if and only if it maximizes one's self-interest. As such, it is considered a normative form of egoism, though historically has been associated with both positive and normative forms. In its strong form, rational egoism holds that to not pursue one's own interest is unequivocally irrational. Its weaker form, however, holds that while it is rational to pursue self-interest, failing to pursue self-interest is not always irrational.
Psychological egoismPsychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from so doing. This is a descriptive rather than normative view, since it only makes claims about how things are, not how they “ought to be” according to some.
SelfishnessSelfishness is being concerned excessively or exclusively, for oneself or one's own advantage, pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others. Selfishness is the opposite of altruism or selflessness; and has also been contrasted (as by C. S. Lewis) with self-centeredness. The implications of selfishness have inspired divergent views within religious, philosophical, psychological, economic, and evolutionary contexts.
Main invisiblethumb|alt=Portrait d'Adam Smith|Adam Smith. Dans le domaine socio-économique, la main invisible est une expression (forgée par Adam Smith) qui désigne la théorie selon laquelle l'ensemble des actions individuelles des acteurs économiques, guidées (par définition) uniquement par l'intérêt personnel de chacun, contribuent à la richesse et au bien commun.
Ethical egoismIn ethical philosophy, ethical egoism is the normative position that moral agents ought to act in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in one's self-interest. Ethical egoism holds, therefore, that actions whose consequences will benefit the doer are ethical. Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help others.
AltruismeLe mot altruisme et l'adjectif altruiste s'appliquent aujourd'hui à un comportement caractérisé à s'intéresser et à se dévouer à autrui, ne procurant pas d'avantages apparents et immédiats à l'individu qui les exécute mais qui sont bénéfiques à d'autres individus et peuvent favoriser surtout à long terme un vivre-ensemble et une reconnaissance mutuelle au sein du groupe où il est présent, bien que l'altruisme brut soit néanmoins un acte ne demandant rien en retour. Le terme « altruisme » est employé pour la première fois par Auguste Comte.
