Demyelinating diseaseA demyelinating disease refers to any disease affecting the nervous system where the myelin sheath surrounding neurons is damaged. This damage disrupts the transmission of signals through the affected nerves, resulting in a decrease in their conduction ability. Consequently, this reduction in conduction can lead to deficiencies in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on the nerves affected. Various factors can contribute to the development of demyelinating diseases, including genetic predisposition, infectious agents, autoimmune reactions, and other unknown factors.
Nerve conduction velocityIn neuroscience, nerve conduction velocity (CV) is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, which include age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially demyelinating diseases as these conditions result in reduced or non-existent conduction velocities. CV is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies.
Neurophysiologie cliniqueLa neurophysiologie clinique est l'application de l'électrophysiologie à la neurologie, c'est-à-dire la spécialité médicale consacrée à l'étude du système nerveux par l'enregistrement de son activité bioélectrique, qu'elle soit spontanée ou déclenchée par des stimulations. Elle comporte à la fois des activités de recherche concernant la physiopathologie des maladies neurologiques (on parle alors de neurophysiologie expérimentale) et diverses applications adaptées au diagnostic des affections du système nerveux central ou périphérique (on parle alors souvent, dans le monde francophone, d'explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux).
Alpha motor neuronAlpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles. While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), α motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervate skeletal muscles.
Foot dropFoot drop is a gait abnormality in which the dropping of the forefoot happens due to weakness, irritation or damage to the deep fibular nerve (deep peroneal), including the sciatic nerve, or paralysis of the muscles in the anterior portion of the lower leg. It is usually a symptom of a greater problem, not a disease in itself. Foot drop is characterized by inability or impaired ability to raise the toes or raise the foot from the ankle (dorsiflexion).
Polyradiculonévrite chroniqueLa polyradiculonévrite chronique ou polyradiculonévrite inflammatoire démyélinisante chronique (PIDC) est une maladie auto-immune touchant le système nerveux périphérique. Cette maladie est classée sous la dénomination plus générale de neuropathie périphérique. La PIDC est un parent proche du syndrome de Guillain-Barré (ou polyradiculonévrite aigüe idiopathique) et est considérée comme son homologue chronique. Ses symptômes sont également similaires à une neuropathie inflammatoire progressive, variante très asymétrique de la PIDC, connue sous le nom de syndrome de Lewis-Sumner.
