Polyclonal B cell responsePolyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell. In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen.
Central toleranceIn immunology, central tolerance (also known as negative selection) is the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are autoreactive, i.e. reactive to the body itself. Through elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes, tolerance ensures that the immune system does not attack self peptides. Lymphocyte maturation (and central tolerance) occurs in primary lymphoid organs such as the bone marrow and the thymus. In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow and T cells mature in the thymus.
Cell potencyCell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally unipotency. Totipotency (Lat. totipotentia, "ability for all [things]") is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Phagocytevignette|Image au microscope électronique d'un neutrophile (jaune, droite) phagocytant anthrax bacilli (orange, gauche). « Phagocyte » (aussi appelé « cellule phagocytaire ») signifie « cellule mangeuse ». On les appelle parfois éboueurs de l'organisme. Les phagocytes ou « cellules phagocytaires », sont en effet des cellules pouvant ingérer et détruire des particules de taille variable (de l'échelle nanométrique à micrométrique), qui sont par exemple des microbes, des cellules altérées, des tissus sanguins ou des particules étrangères à l'organisme.
Cellule (biologie)vignette|Dessin de « cellules » observées dans des coupes d'écorce d'arbre par Robert Hooke en 1665, à l'origine du nom latin cellula « chambre de moine », ayant aussi le sens de cella « petite chambre, chambrette ». vignette|Dessin d'Edmund Beecher Wilson publié en 1900 dont la légende originale était : « Vue générale de cellules situées à la pointe de croissance d'une racine d'oignon à partir d'une coupe longitudinale agrandie . a. cellules qui ne se divisent pas, avec réseau de chromatine et nucléoles fortement colorés ; b.
Rejet de greffeOn appelle rejet de greffe l'ensemble des réactions locales et générales que l'organisme de l'hôte peut développer vis-à-vis d'un greffon. Ceci peut entraîner la destruction complète du greffon. Les examens cliniques et paracliniques permettent de savoir si le principe d'une greffe est à retenir. Si la décision est prise, en accord avec le sujet, un bilan avant greffe est établi. Ce bilan est triple : psychologique , physiologique et immunologique . Celui-ci peut nécessiter sauf s'il existe une urgence vitale.
Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and animal tissue development.
Stem-cell nicheStem-cell niche refers to a microenvironment, within the specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem-cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus.
MacrophageLes macrophages (du grec macro-, gros et -phagein, manger) sont des cellules appartenant aux globules blancs, qui sont définis historiquement par leur capacité de phagocytose. Ce sont des grosses cellules arrondies avec un noyau excentré et des vacuoles dans leur cytoplasme. Ils ont deux origines : certains macrophages ont une origine embryonnaire et résident dans les tissus tout au long de la vie de l'individu, d'autres proviennent de la différenciation de leucocytes sanguins circulants, les monocytes.
