Spot weldingSpot welding (or resistance spot welding) is a type of electric resistance welding used to weld various sheet metal products, through a process in which contacting metal surface points are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current. The process uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small "spot" and to simultaneously clamp the sheets together. Work-pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrodes. Typically the sheets are in the thickness range.
Direct shear testA direct shear test is a laboratory or field test used by geotechnical engineers to measure the shear strength properties of soil or rock material, or of discontinuities in soil or rock masses. The U.S. and U.K. standards defining how the test should be performed are ASTM D 3080, AASHTO T236 and BS 1377-7:1990, respectively. For rock the test is generally restricted to rock with (very) low shear strength. The test is, however, standard practice to establish the shear strength properties of discontinuities in rock.
Forge weldingForge welding (FOW), also called fire welding, is a solid-state welding process that joins two pieces of metal by heating them to a high temperature and then hammering them together. It may also consist of heating and forcing the metals together with presses or other means, creating enough pressure to cause plastic deformation at the weld surfaces. The process, although challenging, has been a method of joining metals used since ancient times and is a staple of traditional blacksmithing.
Engineered woodEngineered wood, also called mass timber, composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form composite material. The panels vary in size but can range upwards of and in the case of cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be of any thickness from a few inches to or more.
Placage (bois)En menuiserie et ébénisterie, le placage est l'application de feuilles de bois collées en revêtement sur un assemblage de menuiserie. Dans un sens restreint pour un meuble donné, le placage est l'ensemble des feuilles qu'il comporte. À l'origine, cette technique était surtout utilisée pour permettre un rendu de bois précieux (produits en petites quantités, venant de loin, ...) ou de la marqueterie, sur un bois plus adapté à la structure (parce que moins cher, plus facile à travailler, plus durable ou tout autre qualité).
Champignon lignivorevignette|Le Polypore est un champignon saprotrophe lignicole qui s'infiltre par les racines de l'arbre dans le cœur du tronc et provoque une forte pourriture brune. Un champignon lignivore, appelé scientifiquement champignon saprotrophe lignicole, saproxylique ou lignolytique (lignivore signifiant littéralement « qui se nourrit du bois », le mode d'alimentation des champignons étant l'absorbotrophie) est un champignon qui se nourrit de bois, en causant sa décomposition.
Traitements conservateurs des boisLongtemps, les traitements conservateurs des bois n'ont pas fait appel à des produits chimiques (fongicides, algicides, ou insecticides). Les traitements conservateurs des bois sont aujourd'hui nombreux. Ils se font par application externe, imprégnation, chauffage Ce sont des traitements: physiques (séchage, rétification, traitement thermique) par des produits naturels (huile de lin, vernis de gomme-laque, cire d'abeille, colophane...) ou par des produits chimiques (pesticides à base de métaux lourds (cuivre, arsenic, chrome, plomb.
