Neonatal infectionNeonatal infections are infections of the neonate (newborn) acquired during prenatal development or within the first four weeks of life. Neonatal infections may be contracted by mother to child transmission, in the birth canal during childbirth, or after birth. Neonatal infections may present soon after delivery, or take several weeks to show symptoms. Some neonatal infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and malaria do not become apparent until much later.
Respiratory tract infectionRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract. An infection of this type usually is further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold. Upper respiratory tract infection The upper respiratory tract is considered the airway above the glottis or vocal cords; sometimes, it is taken as the tract above the cricoid cartilage.
VacciniaVaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbp in length, which encodes approximately 250 genes. The dimensions of the virion are roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, with a mass of approximately 5–10 fg. The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern smallpox vaccine, which the World Health Organization (WHO) used to eradicate smallpox in a global vaccination campaign in 1958–1977.
Infection nosocomialeUne est une infection contractée dans un établissement de santé. Le terme « nosocomial » vient du grec ancien nosos (maladie) et de komein (soigner), qui forment le mot nosokomia, . Une infection est dite « nosocomiale » ou « hospitalière », si elle est absente lors de l'admission du patient à l'hôpital et qu'elle se développe au moins après l'admission ou un délai supérieur à la période d'incubation. Ce délai permet de distinguer une infection d'acquisition communautaire d'une infection nosocomiale.
Skin infectionA skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation.
Charge viraleLa charge virale ou titre viral est le nombre de copies d'un virus (VIH, VHB...) indiquant une réplication virale dans un volume donné de fluide (sang, sperme, salive...). Elle est le plus souvent exprimée en copies par millilitre, ou bien sur une échelle logarithmique. Lorsqu'une charge virale est dite « indétectable », c'est par rapport au seuil d'une technique de mesure donnée. Par exemple dans le cas du VIH, le test de détection de l'antigène p24 détecte une charge virale de 104 copies par ml au début des années 2000, alors que la PCR quantitative de la fin des années 2010 détecte, selon les techniques, de 20 à 50 copies par ml.
Maladie viraleUne maladie virale, ou virose, est une maladie déclenchée par un virus et sa propagation dans l'organisme (et aux dépens de l'organisme). Les virus à ARN peuvent se transformer très rapidement et déjouer les défenses de l'hôte comme le montre celui de la grippe (influenza). Les antibiotiques n'ont aucune action contre les maladies virales, ils permettent juste d'éviter une surinfection.
Introduction to virusesA virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment.
Type systemIn computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a type (for example, integer, floating point, string) to every "term" (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Usually the terms are various constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions, or modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term.
Vertically transmitted infectionA vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy. Nutritional deficiencies may exacerbate the risks of perinatal infections. Vertical transmission is important for the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases, especially for diseases of animals with large litter sizes, as it causes a wave of new infectious individuals.
