Optimal designIn the design of experiments, optimal designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith. In the design of experiments for estimating statistical models, optimal designs allow parameters to be estimated without bias and with minimum variance. A non-optimal design requires a greater number of experimental runs to estimate the parameters with the same precision as an optimal design.
Prospective cohort studyA prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome. For example, one might follow a cohort of middle-aged truck drivers who vary in terms of smoking habits, to test the hypothesis that the 20-year incidence rate of lung cancer will be highest among heavy smokers, followed by moderate smokers, and then nonsmokers.
Méthode des doubles différencesLa méthode des doubles différences (ou méthode des différences de différences) est une méthode statistique utilisée pour estimer l'effet d'un traitement et consistant à comparer la différence entre le groupe de contrôle et le groupe traité avant et après l'introduction du traitement. Cette méthode est notamment utilisée en évaluation des politiques publiques pour estimer l'effet d'un traitement dans le cadre théorique du modèle causal de Neyman-Rubin. Expérience naturelle Estimateur de Wald Méthode à contr
Blocking (statistics)In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units that are similar to one another in groups (blocks). Blocking can be used to tackle the problem of pseudoreplication. Blocking reduces unexplained variability. Its principle lies in the fact that variability which cannot be overcome (e.g. needing two batches of raw material to produce 1 container of a chemical) is confounded or aliased with a(n) (higher/highest order) interaction to eliminate its influence on the end product.
Agile modelingAgile modeling (AM) is a methodology for modeling and documenting software systems based on best practices. It is a collection of values and principles, that can be applied on an (agile) software development project. This methodology is more flexible than traditional modeling methods, making it a better fit in a fast changing environment. It is part of the agile software development tool kit. Agile modeling is a supplement to other agile development methodologies such as Scrum, extreme programming (XP), and Rational Unified Process (RUP).
Windows XPWindows XP (nom de code Whistler) est un système d'exploitation multitâches, développé et commercialisé par Microsoft, permettant l'usage d'un ordinateur tel qu'un ordinateur fixe, un portable ou encore un Media Center. Les lettres « XP » proviennent dexp'erience. Microsoft a mis fin au support le . Entre autres, il n'y a plus de mises à jour et la base virale de Windows Defender n'est plus gérée. Officiellement le successeur de Windows Millennium Edition et de Windows 2000, Windows XP est sorti le et selon une estimation d'un institut de statistiques américaines, il a été vendu à près de 400 millions de copies en .
