Amine (chimie)vignette|100px|Structure de l'ammoniac. Une amine est un composé organique dérivé de l'ammoniac dont au moins un atome d'hydrogène a été remplacé par un groupe carboné. Si l'un des atomes de carbone lié à l'atome d'azote (N) fait partie d'un groupe carbonyle, la molécule appartient à la famille des amides. Découvertes en 1849 par Wurtz, les amines furent initialement appelées « alcaloïdes artificiels ». On parle d'amine primaire, secondaire ou tertiaire selon qu'il y a un, deux ou trois radicaux (ou groupes) liés à l'atome d'azote.
Kinetic resolutionIn organic chemistry, kinetic resolution is a means of differentiating two enantiomers in a racemic mixture. In kinetic resolution, two enantiomers react with different reaction rates in a chemical reaction with a chiral catalyst or reagent, resulting in an enantioenriched sample of the less reactive enantiomer. As opposed to chiral resolution, kinetic resolution does not rely on different physical properties of diastereomeric products, but rather on the different chemical properties of the racemic starting materials.
Alkyne trimerisationAn alkyne trimerisation is a [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction in which three alkyne units () react to form a benzene ring. The reaction requires a metal catalyst. The process is of historic interest as well as being applicable to organic synthesis. Being a cycloaddition reaction, it has high atom economy. Many variations have been developed, including cyclisation of mixtures of alkynes and alkenes as well as alkynes and nitriles. Trimerisation of acetylene to benzene is highly exergonic, proceeding with a free energy change of 142 kcal/mol at room temperature.
Ring-closing metathesisRing-closing metathesis (RCM) is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene. The most commonly synthesized ring sizes are between 5-7 atoms; however, reported syntheses include 45- up to 90- membered macroheterocycles. These reactions are metal-catalyzed and proceed through a metallacyclobutane intermediate.
Couplage de HiyamaLe couplage de Hiyama est une réaction de couplage entre un organosilane et un halogénure organique ou un triflate, catalysée par du palladium parfois assisté par du nickel. Ce couplage a été décrit pour la première fois par Yasuo Hatanaka et Tamejiro Hiyama en 1988. Dans la publication initiale de 1988, le 1-iodonaphtalène réagit avec le triméthylvinylsilane pour produire le 1-vinylnaphtalène avec une catalyse au chlorure d'allylpalladium. Cette réaction dispose de plusieurs avantages.
Atom economyAtom economy (atom efficiency/percentage) is the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. The simplest definition was introduced by Barry Trost in 1991 and is equal to the ratio between the mass of desired product to the total mass of products, expressed as a percentage. The concept of atom economy (AE) and the idea of making it a primary criterion for improvement in chemistry, is a part of the green chemistry movement that was championed by Paul Anastas from the early 1990s.
