Acidose lactiqueLacidose lactique est un trouble de l'équilibre acido-basique du corps (acidose) due à un excès d'acide lactique. L'acidose lactique peut survenir dans le cas d'un collapsus, qu'il soit hémorragique, cardiogénique ou septique, ou d'une insuffisance respiratoire, entraînant une diminution de l'oxygène dans l'organisme. Cette cause est la plus fréquente.
Excretory systemThe excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
AzotemiaAzotemia (azot, "nitrogen" + -emia, "blood condition") is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood. It is largely related to insufficient or dysfunctional filtering of blood by the kidneys. It can lead to uremia and acute kidney injury (kidney failure) if not controlled. Azotemia has three classifications, depending on its causative origin: prerenal azotemia, renal azotemia, and postrenal azotemia.
OsmorégulationL'osmorégulation est l'ensemble des processus homéostatiques qui maintiennent l'osmolarité d'un être vivant à son niveau normal, c'est-à-dire qui interviennent dans la régulation de la concentration en sels dissous dans les fluides internes de cet être vivant. L'osmorégulation est responsable du niveau de pression osmotique des liquides physiologiques et internes, qui est une variable importante. Elle désigne aussi l'ensemble des mécanismes par lesquels les organismes effectuent le contrôle de la pression osmotique interne.
HyponatrémieL'hyponatrémie est un trouble hydroélectrolytique défini par une concentration en sodium dans le plasma sanguin (natrémie) inférieure à . Il en découle une hyperhydratation intracellulaire par effet osmotique (l'eau libre passe du secteur extracellulaire au secteur intracellulaire afin d'égaliser les pressions osmotiques de part et d'autre de la membrane cellulaire). Les signes cliniques ne sont pas spécifiques (nausées, vomissements, dégoût de l'eau, asthénie, céphalées, confusion).
Alcalose métaboliqueL'alcalose métabolique est un trouble de l'équilibre acido-basique défini par une hausse du pH dans le secteur extracellulaire plasmatique (sang), d'origine métabolique. Le pH intracellulaire chez l'homme est de 7,2, le pH extracellulaire de 7,4. Ces valeurs sont extrêmement intimement régulées via plusieurs mécanismes fondés sur l'équation suivante : H+ + – → → + Le tampon pulmonaire permet d'éliminer un excès d'acide par l'hyperventilation (dyspnée de Kussmaul : respiration ample, profonde, permettant de rejeter du et de la vapeur d'eau et ainsi de faire augmenter le pH, alcaliniser le sang).
Hypovolemic shockHypovolemic shock is a form of shock caused by severe hypovolemia (insufficient blood volume or extracellular fluid in the body). It could be the result of severe dehydration through a variety of mechanisms or blood loss. Hypovolemic shock is a medical emergency; if left untreated, the insufficient blood flow can cause damage to organs, leading to multiple organ failure. In treating hypovolemic shock, it is important to determine the cause of the underlying hypovolemia, which may be the result of bleeding or other fluid losses.
OncomouseThe OncoMouse or Harvard mouse is a type of laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) that has been genetically modified using modifications designed by Philip Leder and Timothy A Stewart of Harvard University to carry a specific gene called an activated oncogene (v-Ha-ras under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter). The activated oncogene significantly increases the mouse's susceptibility to cancer, and thus makes the mouse a suitable model for cancer research.
Sodium in biologySodium ions () are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance. In animals, sodium ions are necessary for the aforementioned functions and for heart activity and certain metabolic functions. The health effects of salt reflect what happens when the body has too much or too little sodium.
Mouse models of breast cancer metastasisBreast cancer metastatic mouse models are experimental approaches in which mice are genetically manipulated to develop a mammary tumor leading to distant focal lesions of mammary epithelium created by metastasis. Mammary cancers in mice can be caused by genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer. This means models can be generated based upon molecular lesions consistent with the human disease. Metastasis is a process of migration of tumour cells from the primary cancer site to a distant location where the cancer cells form secondary tumors.
