Cyclin-dependent kinase 2Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in humans. It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, where cells make proteins necessary for mitosis and replicate their DNA.
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure. Breast cancer advocacy and awareness efforts are a type of health advocacy. Breast cancer advocates raise funds and lobby for better care, more knowledge, and more patient empowerment.
Breast cancer classificationBreast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose. The major categories are the histopathological type, the grade of the tumor, the stage of the tumor, and the expression of proteins and genes. As knowledge of cancer cell biology develops these classifications are updated. The purpose of classification is to select the best treatment. The effectiveness of a specific treatment is demonstrated for a specific breast cancer (usually by randomized, controlled trials).
Cellule myoépithélialeLes cellules myoépithéliales sont des cellules musculaires lisses à propriété contractile. Elles sont situées entre les cellules épithéliales sécrétrices et la lame basale (dans la partie distale des canaux excréteurs), généralement dans les acini glandulaires (2 à 3 par acinus). La contraction de ces dernières favorise l'excrétion de la substance sécrétée par une glande exocrine. Des filaments d'actine, de myosine et de desmine leur confèrent ces propriétés contractiles. Elle est régulée par des fibres nerveuses végétatives.
Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Canal galactophoreLes canaux galactophores sont les structures anatomiques tubulaires ramifiées qui conduisent le lait excrété par les glandes mammaires, des lobules mammaires au mamelon. Les canaux galactophores sont d'abord intralobulaires, puis interlobulaires (épithélium cubique avec présence de cellules myoépithéliales) et enfin interlobaires, bordés d'un épithélium pavimenteux stratifié. Dans le mamelon au centre de l'aréole les canaux galactophores décrivent une dilatation pour former des sinus lactifères où le lait est censé s'accumuler entre les tétées.
ProlactinomeA prolactinoma is a tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland that produces the hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor. Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood (hyperprolactinemia), or due to pressure of the tumor on surrounding tissues. Based on size, a prolactinoma can be classified as a microprolactinoma (10 mm diameter).
Metastatic breast cancerMetastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV. Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
HyperprolactinémieL'hyperprolactinémie est l'augmentation excessive de la prolactine dans le sang (plus de 25 ng/ml chez la femme et plus de 15 ng/ml chez l'homme). La prolactine est une hormone peptidique produite par la partie antérieure de l'hypophyse (antéhypophyse). Elle est impliquée dans la lactation, le développement des seins pendant la grossesse. L'hyperprolactinémie peut causer une production d'un flux spontané de lait et des anomalies dans la période menstruelle normale chez les femmes.
Stratified columnar epitheliumStratified columnar epithelium is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column-shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. It is found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra. It also occurs in embryo. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in a variety of locations, including: parts of the conjunctiva of the eye parts of the pharynx anus male urethra and vas deferens excretory duct of mammary gland and major salivary glands Stratified columnar epithelium is initially present in parts of the gastrointestinal tract in utero, before being replaced with other types of epithelium.
