History of Lorentz transformationsThe history of Lorentz transformations comprises the development of linear transformations forming the Lorentz group or Poincaré group preserving the Lorentz interval and the Minkowski inner product . In mathematics, transformations equivalent to what was later known as Lorentz transformations in various dimensions were discussed in the 19th century in relation to the theory of quadratic forms, hyperbolic geometry, Möbius geometry, and sphere geometry, which is connected to the fact that the group of motions in hyperbolic space, the Möbius group or projective special linear group, and the Laguerre group are isomorphic to the Lorentz group.
Texture filteringIn computer graphics, texture filtering or texture smoothing is the method used to determine the texture color for a texture mapped pixel, using the colors of nearby texels (pixels of the texture). There are two main categories of texture filtering, magnification filtering and minification filtering. Depending on the situation texture filtering is either a type of reconstruction filter where sparse data is interpolated to fill gaps (magnification), or a type of anti-aliasing (AA), where texture samples exist at a higher frequency than required for the sample frequency needed for texture fill (minification).
Division harmoniqueEn géométrie affine, quatre points alignés sont en division harmonique quand ils vérifient l'égalité des rapports de mesure algébrique indiquée ci-contre. Elle apparait naturellement dans plusieurs figures géométriques, par exemple le quadrilatère complet. C'est plus fondamentalement une notion de géométrie projective, puisqu'il s'agit d'exprimer qu'un birapport vaut –1.
Gravitational time dilationGravitational time dilation is a form of time dilation, an actual difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers situated at varying distances from a gravitating mass. The lower the gravitational potential (the closer the clock is to the source of gravitation), the slower time passes, speeding up as the gravitational potential increases (the clock getting away from the source of gravitation). Albert Einstein originally predicted this effect in his theory of relativity and it has since been confirmed by tests of general relativity.
Esophageal dilatationEsophageal dilatation is a therapeutic endoscopic procedure that enlarges the lumen of the esophagus. It can be used to treat a number of medical conditions that result in narrowing of the esophageal lumen, or decrease motility in the distal esophagus. These include the following: Peptic stricture Eosinophilic esophagitis Schatzki rings Achalasia Scleroderma esophagus Rarely esophageal cancer There are three major classes of dilators: Mercury-weighted bougies have blindly inserted bougies placed into the esophagus by the treating physician.
Champ de vuedroite|vignette|L'angle de vue peut être mesuré horizontalement, verticalement ou en diagonale. Le champ de vue est la mesure du monde observable tel que vu à un temps donné. Dans le cas d'instruments d'optique ou de capteurs, c'est l'angle solide au travers duquel un détecteur est sensible aux rayonnements électromagnétiques. La capacité visuelle d'un animal n'est pas uniforme à travers le champ de vue, et varie d'un animal à l'autre.
Spherical EarthSpherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of figure of the Earth as a sphere. The earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of Greek philosophers. In the 3rd century BC, Hellenistic astronomy established the roughly spherical shape of Earth as a physical fact and calculated the Earth's circumference. This knowledge was gradually adopted throughout the Old World during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Experimental testing of time dilationTime dilation as predicted by special relativity is often verified by means of particle lifetime experiments. According to special relativity, the rate of a clock C traveling between two synchronized laboratory clocks A and B, as seen by a laboratory observer, is slowed relative to the laboratory clock rates. Since any periodic process can be considered a clock, the lifetimes of unstable particles such as muons must also be affected, so that moving muons should have a longer lifetime than resting ones.
AchalasieL'achalasie, qui signifie « difficulté à se relâcher » , également appelée cardio-spasme ou mégaœsophage, est une maladie rare de cause inconnue consistant en un trouble moteur primitif de l'œsophage. Elle est définie par l’absence du péristaltisme œsophagien et par une absence de relaxation ou relaxation incomplète du sphincter inférieur de l'œsophage (SIO). L'atteinte a été décrite pour la première fois par Thomas Willis en 1674. Le taux d'incidence est de pour par an, à peu près comparable selon les pays.
