Disruptive selectionDisruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. In this more individuals acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve. Natural selection is known to be one of the most important biological processes behind evolution.
Management environnementalLe management environnemental, aussi appelé gestion environnementale, ou éco management, désigne les méthodes de gestion d'une entité (entreprise, service...) visant à prendre en compte l'impact environnemental de ses activités, à évaluer cet impact et à le réduire. Le management environnemental s'inscrit dans une perspective de développement durable.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Adaptation and Natural SelectionAdaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought is a 1966 book by the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams. Williams, in what is now considered a classic by evolutionary biologists, outlines a gene-centered view of evolution, disputes notions of evolutionary progress, and criticizes contemporary models of group selection, including the theories of Alfred Emerson, A. H. Sturtevant, and to a smaller extent, the work of V. C. Wynne-Edwards.
Boundary problem (spatial analysis)A boundary problem in analysis is a phenomenon in which geographical patterns are differentiated by the shape and arrangement of boundaries that are drawn for administrative or measurement purposes. The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbors in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbors. While geographic phenomena are measured and analyzed within a specific unit, identical spatial data can appear either dispersed or clustered depending on the boundary placed around the data.
Taille du génomevignette|Arbre phylogénétique indiquant la taille des génomes chez les organismes des trois domaines du monde vivant: les bactéries Bacteria (en bleu), les archées Archaea (en vert) et les eucaryotes Eucarya (en rouge). La taille du génome correspond à la quantité d'ADN contenue dans une copie d'un génome. La taille d'un génome est également appelée valeur C.
Sélection stabilisatriceEn génétique des populations, la sélection stabilisatrice ou stabilisante (à ne pas confondre avec la sélection négative ou purificatrice) est un mode de sélection naturelle dans laquelle la moyenne de la population se stabilise sur une valeur de trait non extrême particulière. On pense que c'est le mécanisme d'action le plus courant pour la sélection naturelle car la plupart des traits ne semblent pas changer radicalement au cours du temps.
Molecular ecologyMolecular ecology is a field of evolutionary biology that is concerned with applying molecular population genetics, molecular phylogenetics, and more recently genomics to traditional ecological questions (e.g., species diagnosis, conservation and assessment of biodiversity, species-area relationships, and many questions in behavioral ecology). It is virtually synonymous with the field of "Ecological Genetics" as pioneered by Theodosius Dobzhansky, E. B. Ford, Godfrey M. Hewitt, and others.
Base de données spatialesUne base de données spatiales est une base de données optimisée pour stocker et interroger des données reliées à des objets référencés géographiquement, y compris des points, les lignes et des polygones. Alors que les bases de données classiques peuvent comprendre différents types de données numériques et caractères, des fonctions additionnelles ont besoin d'être ajoutées pour traiter les types de données spatiales. Celles-ci sont typiquement appelées géométrie ou caractère.
Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
