Indirect land use change impacts of biofuelsThe indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, also known as ILUC or iLUC (pronounced as i-luck), relates to the unintended consequence of releasing more carbon emissions due to land-use changes around the world induced by the expansion of croplands for ethanol or biodiesel production in response to the increased global demand for biofuels. As farmers worldwide respond to higher crop prices in order to maintain the global food supply-and-demand balance, pristine lands are cleared to replace the food crops that were diverted elsewhere to biofuels' production.
BiocarburantUn biocarburant est un carburant (combustible liquide ou gazeux) produit à partir de matériaux organiques non fossiles, provenant de la biomasse (c'est le sens du préfixe « bio » dans biocarburant) et qui vient en complément ou en substitution du combustible fossile. Ceux qui sont produits par la filière agricole sont désignés sous le vocable d'agrocarburant.
Sustainable biofuelSustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner. It is not based on petroleum or other fossil fuels. It includes not using plants that are used for food stuff to produce the fuel thus disrupting the world's food supply. Low-carbon fuel standard In 2008, the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels. This includes 12 principles: "Biofuel production shall follow international treaties and national laws regarding such things as air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor conditions, and more.
Biofuel in SwedenBiofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.
Low-carbon fuel standardA low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) is an emissions trading rule designed to reduce the average carbon intensity of transportation fuels in a given jurisdiction, as compared to conventional petroleum fuels, such as gasoline and diesel. The most common methods for reducing transportation carbon emissions are supplying electricity to electric vehicles, supplying hydrogen fuel to fuel cell vehicles and blending biofuels, such as ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, and renewable natural gas into fossil fuels.
Sol (pédologie)vignette|Le sol recèle un trésor vivant insoupçonné qui représente 50 % de la biodiversité spécifique sur la terre. En région tempérée, chaque mètre carré (sur de profondeur) abrite en moyenne animales (dont un millier d'espèces d'invertébrés constitués de près de 50 % d'acariens) comprenant, en les distinguant par leur taille, la microfaune, la mésofaune et la macrofaune. Une cuillère à café de sol, soit environ un gramme, héberge en moyenne 100 arthropodes, à , des millions de protozoaires et près d'un milliard de cellules bactériennes, issues de plus de 1 million d'espèces.
Issues relating to biofuelsThere are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues with biofuel production and use, which have been discussed in the popular media and scientific journals. These include: the effect of moderating oil prices, the "food vs fuel" debate, poverty reduction potential, carbon emissions levels, sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, effect on water resources, the possible modifications necessary to run the engine on biofuel, as well as energy balance and efficiency.
Carbone du solLe carbone du sol est la matière terrestre solide stockée dans les sols au niveau mondial. Cette appellation comprend à la fois la matière organique du sol et l'ensemble du carbone inorganique constituant les minéraux carbonatés. Le carbone du sol est un puits de carbone par rapport au cycle mondial du carbone, jouant un rôle dans la biogéochimie, l'atténuation du changement climatique et dans la construction de modèles climatiques mondiaux. Le carbone du sol est présent sous deux formes : inorganique et organique.
Second-generation biofuelsSecond-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel. First-generation biofuels are made from sugar-starch feedstocks (e.g., sugarcane and corn) and edible oil feedstocks (e.g., rapeseed and soybean oil), which are generally converted into bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively.
Biocarburant pour l'aviationvignette| Plein d'un Airbus A320 avec du biocarburant. Un biocarburant pour l'aviation est un biocarburant utilisé pour propulser des aéronefs et qui est considéré comme un carburant durable d'aviation . L'Association du transport aérien international (IATA) considère les BAF comme l'un des éléments clés pour réduire l'empreinte carbone dans le cadre de l'impact climatique du transport aérien.
