Expression vectorAn expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene. Expression vectors are the basic tools in biotechnology for the production of proteins. The vector is engineered to contain regulatory sequences that act as enhancer and promoter regions and lead to efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector.
Nucleic acid hybridizationIn molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions, changing these conditions in the laboratory (generally by raising the surrounding temperature) will cause the molecules to separate into single strands. These strands are complementary to each other but may also be complementary to other sequences present in their surroundings.
Ethics of cloningIn bioethics, the ethics of cloning refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning. While many of these views are religious in origin, some of the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.
Polylinkervignette|428x428px|Un pUC19 vecteur de clonage montrant le site de clonage multiple de séquence avec l'enzyme de restriction des sites. Un site de clonage multiple (MCS ou SCM), également appelé un polylinker, est un court segment de l'ADN , qui contient de nombreux (jusqu'à ~20) sites de restriction - une caractéristique standard de l'ingénierie des plasmides. Les sites de restriction au sein d'un SCM sont généralement uniques, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ne sont présents qu'une fois à l'intérieur d'un plasmide.
Clone (cell biology)A clone is a group of identical cells that share a common ancestry, meaning they are derived from the same cell. Clonality implies the state of a cell or a substance being derived from one source or the other. Thus there are terms like polyclonal—derived from many clones; oligoclonal—derived from a few clones; and monoclonal—derived from one clone. These terms are most commonly used in context of antibodies or immunocytes. This concept of clone assumes importance as all the cells that form a clone share common ancestry, which has a very significant consequence: shared genotype.
Chromosome artificiel de levureLes chromosomes artificiels de levure (YAC, en anglais : yeast artificial chromosomes) sont très utilisés dans les techniques de biologie moléculaire et le sont, parfois, en génétique. Ils contiennent au moins une origine de réplication (ou ARS pour autonomously replicating sequence), un centromère et des télomères provenant de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. De plus ils contiennent habituellement des gènes permettant leur sélection dans une population de levures.
Pharming (biologie)Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farming, molecular pharming or biopharming. The products of pharming are recombinant proteins or their metabolic products.
