Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farming, molecular pharming or biopharming.
The products of pharming are recombinant proteins or their metabolic products. Recombinant proteins are most commonly produced using bacteria or yeast in a bioreactor, but pharming offers the advantage to the producer that it does not require expensive infrastructure, and production capacity can be quickly scaled to meet demand, at greatly reduced cost.
The first recombinant plant-derived protein (PDP) was human serum albumin, initially produced in 1990 in transgenic tobacco and potato plants. Open field growing trials of these crops began in the United States in 1992 and have taken place every year since. While the United States Department of Agriculture has approved planting of pharma crops in every state, most testing has taken place in Hawaii, Nebraska, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
In the early 2000s, the pharming industry was robust. Proof of concept has been established for the production of many therapeutic proteins, including antibodies, blood products, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, recombinant enzymes and human and veterinary vaccines. By 2003 several PDP products for the treatment of human diseases were under development by nearly 200 biotech companies, including recombinant gastric lipase for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, and antibodies for the prevention of dental caries and the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
However, in late 2002, just as ProdiGene was ramping up production of trypsin for commercial launch it was discovered that volunteer plants (left over from the prior harvest) of one of their GM corn products were harvested with the conventional soybean crop later planted in that field. ProdiGene was fined 250,000andorderedbytheUSDAtopayover3 million in cleanup costs.
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The course focuses on the development and application of biotechnology-based approaches to human diseases. It provides current information on the engineering and pharmaceutical production of highly sp
This laboratory-training course is designed to give students a comprehensive insight into laboratory research techniques in the field of biotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology with practices e
Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farming, molecular pharming or biopharming. The products of pharming are recombinant proteins or their metabolic products.
vignette|La pomme de terre féculière Amflora est génétiquement modifiée pour produire un amidon sans amylose. Une plante génétiquement modifiée (PGM) est un cultivar de plante dont le patrimoine génétique a été modifié par l'Homme. Une plante transgénique est une plante dans le génome de laquelle a été introduit par transgénèse du méristème radiculaire et foliaire un ou plusieurs gènes. En recherche fondamentale, la production de plantes génétiquement modifiées est un outil de base pour la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires.
vignette|Riz doré (à droite) Le « riz doré » est une variété de riz (Oryza sativa) génétiquement modifiée créé à l'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich (Suisse). Le riz a été choisi comme source de vitamine A car il est largement cultivé et constitue la première source de nourriture dans les régions souffrant de carences en vitamines A. Le riz doré fait l'objet de controverses quant à son efficacité pour lutter contre les carences en vitamine A.