Accès direct à la mémoirevignette|Entrée-sortie sans DMA vignette|Entrée-sortie avec DMA L'accès direct à la mémoire (en anglais DMA pour Direct Memory Access) est un procédé informatique où des données circulant de, ou vers, un périphérique (port de communication, disque dur) sont transférées directement par un contrôleur adapté vers la mémoire principale de la machine, sans intervention du microprocesseur si ce n'est pour lancer et conclure le transfert. La conclusion du transfert ou la disponibilité du périphérique peuvent être signalés par interruption.
Optimizing compilerIn computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program. Common requirements are to minimize a program's execution time, memory footprint, storage size, and power consumption (the last three being popular for portable computers). Compiler optimization is generally implemented using a sequence of optimizing transformations, algorithms which take a program and transform it to produce a semantically equivalent output program that uses fewer resources or executes faster.
Logiciel enfouiLes logiciels enfouis ou embarqués (embedded software), sont des entités autonomes qui remplissent une mission indépendante, parfois critique, sans intervention humaine, en général en interaction directe avec l’environnement extérieur que celui-ci soit physique ou informatique. Ces systèmes autonomes peuvent être isolés mais ils sont la plupart du temps reliés et communiquent à travers un réseau grâce à un logiciel d'intermédiation.
Mémoire (psychologie)thumb|350px|Les formes et fonctions de la mémoire en sciences. En psychologie, la mémoire est la faculté de l'esprit d'enregistrer, conserver et rappeler les expériences passées. Son investigation est réalisée par différentes disciplines : psychologie cognitive, neuropsychologie, et psychanalyse. thumb|Pyramide des cinq systèmes de mémoire. Le courant cognitiviste classique regroupe habituellement sous le terme de mémoire les processus dencodage, de stockage et de récupération des représentations mentales.
Memory pagingIn computer operating systems, memory paging (or swapping on some Unix-like systems) is a memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storage for use in main memory. In this scheme, the operating system retrieves data from secondary storage in same-size blocks called pages. Paging is an important part of virtual memory implementations in modern operating systems, using secondary storage to let programs exceed the size of available physical memory.
Memory management (operating systems)In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding which gets memory, when they receive it, and how much they are allowed. When memory is allocated it determines which memory locations will be assigned. It tracks when memory is freed or unallocated and updates the status.
Manual memory managementIn computer science, manual memory management refers to the usage of manual instructions by the programmer to identify and deallocate unused objects, or garbage. Up until the mid-1990s, the majority of programming languages used in industry supported manual memory management, though garbage collection has existed since 1959, when it was introduced with Lisp. Today, however, languages with garbage collection such as Java are increasingly popular and the languages Objective-C and Swift provide similar functionality through Automatic Reference Counting.
Processeur de signal numériqueUn DSP (de l'anglais « Digital Signal Processor », qu'on pourrait traduire par « processeur de signal numérique » ou « traitement numérique de signal ») est un microprocesseur optimisé pour exécuter des applications de traitement numérique du signal (filtrage, extraction de signaux) le plus rapidement possible. Les DSP sont utilisés dans la plupart des applications du traitement numérique du signal en temps réel. On les trouve dans les modems (modem RTC, modem ADSL), les téléphones mobiles, les appareils multimédia (lecteur MP3), les récepteurs GPS.
Memory protectionMemory protection is a way to control memory access rights on a computer, and is a part of most modern instruction set architectures and operating systems. The main purpose of memory protection is to prevent a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it. This prevents a bug or malware within a process from affecting other processes, or the operating system itself. Protection may encompass all accesses to a specified area of memory, write accesses, or attempts to execute the contents of the area.
Uniform memory accessUniform memory access (UMA) is a shared memory architecture used in parallel computers. All the processors in the UMA model share the physical memory uniformly. In an UMA architecture, access time to a memory location is independent of which processor makes the request or which memory chip contains the transferred data. Uniform memory access computer architectures are often contrasted with non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architectures. In the NUMA architecture, each processor may use a private cache.
