Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
Dynamique moléculaireLa dynamique moléculaire est une technique de simulation numérique permettant de modéliser l'évolution d'un système de particules au cours du temps. Elle est particulièrement utilisée en sciences des matériaux et pour l'étude des molécules organiques, des protéines, de la matière molle et des macromolécules. En pratique, la dynamique moléculaire consiste à simuler le mouvement d'un ensemble de quelques dizaines à quelques milliers de particules dans un certain environnement (température, pression, champ électromagnétique, conditions aux limites.
Modélisation moléculairethumb|Animation d'un modèle compact d'ADN en forme B|327x327px|alt=Modèle de l'ADN en forme B La modélisation moléculaire est un ensemble de techniques pour modéliser ou simuler le comportement de molécules. Elle est utilisée pour reconstruire la structure tridimensionnelle de molécules, en particulier en biologie structurale, à partir de données expérimentales comme la cristallographie aux rayons X. Elle permet aussi de simuler le comportement dynamique des molécules et leur mouvements internes.
Finite strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the continuum are significantly different, requiring a clear distinction between them. This is commonly the case with elastomers, plastically-deforming materials and other fluids and biological soft tissue.
DislocationEn science des matériaux, une dislocation est un défaut linéaire (c'est-à-dire non-ponctuel), correspondant à une discontinuité dans l'organisation de la structure cristalline. Une dislocation peut être vue simplement comme un "quantum" de déformation élémentaire au sein d'un cristal possédant un champ de contrainte à longue distance. Elle est caractérisée par : la direction de sa ligne ; un vecteur appelé « vecteur de Burgers » dont la norme représente l'amplitude de la déformation qu'elle engendre.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Necking (engineering)In engineering and materials science, necking is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material. The resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the name "neck". Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with yielding, a form of plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers.
Molecular design softwareMolecular design software is notable software for molecular modeling, that provides special support for developing molecular models de novo. In contrast to the usual molecular modeling programs, such as for molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry, such software directly supports the aspects related to constructing molecular models, including: Molecular graphics interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing building polymeric molecules, crystals, and solvated systems partial charges development g
