Database transactionA database transaction symbolizes a unit of work, performed within a database management system (or similar system) against a database, that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes: To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure.
Théorie de l'ordonnancementLa théorie de l'ordonnancement est une branche de la recherche opérationnelle qui s'intéresse au calcul de dates d'exécution optimales de tâches. Pour cela, il est très souvent nécessaire d'affecter en même temps les ressources nécessaires à l'exécution de ces tâches. Un problème d'ordonnancement peut être considéré comme un sous-problème de planification dans lequel il s'agit de décider de l'exécution opérationnelle des tâches planifiées.
Concurrency controlIn information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible. Computer systems, both software and hardware, consist of modules, or components. Each component is designed to operate correctly, i.e., to obey or to meet certain consistency rules.
Global serializabilityIn concurrency control of databases, transaction processing (transaction management), and other transactional distributed applications, global serializability (or modular serializability) is a property of a global schedule of transactions. A global schedule is the unified schedule of all the individual database (and other transactional object) schedules in a multidatabase environment (e.g., federated database).
Distributed transactionA distributed transaction is a database transaction in which two or more network hosts are involved. Usually, hosts provide transactional resources, while the transaction manager is responsible for creating and managing a global transaction that encompasses all operations against such resources. Distributed transactions, as any other transactions, must have all four ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties, where atomicity guarantees all-or-nothing outcomes for the unit of work (operations bundle).
Graphe de précédenceUn graphe de précédence, également appelé graphe de conflit ou graphe de serializability, est utilisé dans le cadre du concurrency control dans les bases de données. Le graphe de précédence pour un programme S contient : Un nœud pour chaque transaction validée dans S ; Un arc de T i à T j si une action de T i précède et entre en conflit avec l'une des actions de T j . Autrement dit, les actions appartiennent à différentes transactions, au moins une des actions est une opération d'écriture et les actions accèdent au même objet (lecture ou écriture).
Snapshot isolationIn databases, and transaction processing (transaction management), snapshot isolation is a guarantee that all reads made in a transaction will see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only if no updates it has made conflict with any concurrent updates made since that snapshot.
Commitment orderingCommitment ordering (CO) is a class of interoperable serializability techniques in concurrency control of databases, transaction processing, and related applications. It allows optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. With the proliferation of multi-core processors, CO has also been increasingly utilized in concurrent programming, transactional memory, and software transactional memory (STM) to achieve serializability optimistically. CO is also the name of the resulting transaction schedule (history) property, defined in 1988 with the name dynamic atomicity.
Isolation (informatique)Dans les systèmes de gestion de base de données (SGBD), l'isolation est la capacité d'un système d'isoler les modifications dans une transaction en cours de celles faites dans les autres transactions conduites simultanément, jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit complétée. C'est l'une des quatre propriétés ACID d'une base de données. L'isolation des transactions d'une base données est assurée par son moteur de stockage, par un contrôle de concurrence entre elles.
Two-phase lockingIn databases and transaction processing, two-phase locking (2PL) is a concurrency control method that guarantees serializability. It is also the name of the resulting set of database transaction schedules (histories). The protocol uses locks, applied by a transaction to data, which may block (interpreted as signals to stop) other transactions from accessing the same data during the transaction's life. By the 2PL protocol, locks are applied and removed in two phases: Expanding phase: locks are acquired and no locks are released.