Celestial spheresThe celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others. In these celestial models, the apparent motions of the fixed stars and planets are accounted for by treating them as embedded in rotating spheres made of an aetherial, transparent fifth element (quintessence), like gems set in orbs. Since it was believed that the fixed stars did not change their positions relative to one another, it was argued that they must be on the surface of a single starry sphere.
Concentric spheresThe cosmological model of concentric (or homocentric) spheres, developed by Eudoxus, Callippus, and Aristotle, employed celestial spheres all centered on the Earth. In this respect, it differed from the epicyclic and eccentric models with multiple centers, which were used by Ptolemy and other mathematical astronomers until the time of Copernicus. Eudoxus of Cnidus was the first astronomer to develop the concept of concentric spheres. He was originally a student at Plato's academy and is believed to have been influenced by the cosmological speculations of Plato and Pythagoras.
Monstrous moonshineEn mathématiques, monstrous moonshine est un terme anglais conçu par John Horton Conway et Simon P. Norton en 1979, utilisé pour décrire la connexion, alors totalement inattendue, entre le groupe Monstre M et les formes modulaires (en particulier la fonction j). Précisément, Conway et Norton, suivant une observation initiale de John McKay, trouvèrent que le développement de Fourier de (, où désigne le ) pouvait être exprimé en termes de combinaisons linéaires des dimensions des représentations irréductibles de M () où et Conway et Norton formulèrent des conjectures concernant les fonctions obtenues en remplaçant les traces sur l'élément neutre par les traces sur d'autres éléments g de M.
