Channel (geography)In physical geography, a channel is a type of landform consisting of the outline of a path of relatively shallow and narrow body of water or of other fluids (e.g., lava), most commonly the confine of a river, river delta or strait. The word is generally used to refer to a natural formation of a narrow and is cognate to canal, which is more commonly used to denote an artificial formation. Channels are important for the functionality of ports and other bodies of water used for navigability for shipping.
Wind stressIn physical oceanography and fluid dynamics, the wind stress is the shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water – such as oceans, seas, estuaries and lakes. Stress is the quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that is causing a deformation of an object. Therefore, stress is defined as the force per unit area and its SI unit is the Pascal. When the deforming force acts parallel to the object's surface, this force is called a shear force and the stress it causes is called a shear stress.
Cylinder stressIn mechanics, a cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational symmetry; that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is rotated about some fixed axis. Cylinder stress patterns include: circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction. axial stress, a normal stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical symmetry. radial stress, a normal stress in directions coplanar with but perpendicular to the symmetry axis.
Ingénierie fluvialevignette|Plan d'une rivière canalisée vignette|Profil transversal d'une rivière canalisée L'ingénierie fluviale (ou ingénierie des cours d'eau) est l'intervention planifiée de l’homme sur les caractéristiques d'une rivière avec l'intention de produire un bénéfice. L’ingénierie fluviale est une branche de l’hydraulique qui se consacre à l’aménagement, la régulation et l’exploitation des cours d’eau ainsi qu’à la prévention des dégâts liés aux inondations par la maîtrise des crues.
Formule de Manning-StricklerLa formule de Manning-Strickler est également connue sous le nom de formule de Gauckler-Manning et de Gauckler-Manning-Strickler parfois abréviée sous la forme formule GMS ou GMS signifie Philippe Gaspard Gauckler, Robert Manning et Albert Strickler. La formule de Manning est une formule empirique d’estimation de la vitesse moyenne d'un liquide s’écoulant en surface libre c’est-à-dire dans un conduit où le fluide ne remplit pas complètement la section ou dans un canal ouvert. Les écoulements à surface libre sont gouvernés par la gravité.
Débit (physique)Le débit est la quantité d'une grandeur qui traverse une surface donnée par unité de temps. Il permet de quantifier un déplacement de matière ou d'énergie. Le terme débit est le plus souvent associé au débit volumique : il quantifie alors le volume qui traverse une surface, une section, par unité de temps. Le débit massique caractérise la masse qui traverse la surface par unité de temps. Il s'agit de notions centrales dans une situation d'écoulement de fluide.
Stream restorationStream restoration or river restoration, also sometimes referred to as river reclamation, is work conducted to improve the environmental health of a river or stream, in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and/or landscape development. Stream restoration approaches can be divided into two broad categories: form-based restoration, which relies on physical interventions in a stream to improve its conditions; and process-based restoration, which advocates the restoration of hydrological and geomorphological processes (such as sediment transport or connectivity between the channel and the floodplain) to ensure a stream's resilience and ecological health.
Charge en suspensionLa charge en suspension (ou débit solide en suspension les sédiments en suspension, ou les alluvions en suspension) d'un écoulement de fluide, comme une rivière, est la partie de ses sédiments (charge) soulevée par l'écoulement du fluide lors du transport des sédiments. Il est maintenu suspendu par la turbulence du fluide. La charge en suspension est généralement constituée de particules plus petites, comme l'argile, le limon et les sables fins. C'est une catégorie de matière en suspension.
Boundary currentBoundary currents are ocean currents with dynamics determined by the presence of a coastline, and fall into two distinct categories: western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents. Eastern boundary currents are relatively shallow, broad and slow-flowing. They are found on the eastern side of oceanic basins (adjacent to the western coasts of continents). Subtropical eastern boundary currents flow equatorward, transporting cold water from higher latitudes to lower latitudes; examples include the Benguela Current, the Canary Current, the Humboldt (Peru) Current, and the California Current.
Riparian-zone restorationRiparian-zone restoration is the ecological restoration of riparian-zone habitats of streams, rivers, springs, lakes, floodplains, and other hydrologic ecologies. A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Riparian is also the proper nomenclature for one of the fifteen terrestrial biomes of the earth; the habitats of plant and animal communities along the margins and river banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by aquatic plants and animals that favor them.
