TélophaseLa télophase (du grec telos signifiant « fin ») est la cinquième phase (ou la quatrième, si l'on ne compte pas la prométaphase) de la mitose. La cytodiérèse a lieu durant cette étape de la mitose. Elle se déroule deux fois durant la méiose. Durant cette phase : les chromosomes dépourvus de microtubules kinétochoriens se décondensent; les microtubules polaires arrêtent leur élongation; l'enveloppe nucléaire se reforme dans le but de créer deux futurs noyaux; La dernière phase de la télophase se nomme la cytodiérèse.
G2 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G2 phase G2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. G2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Division cellulairethumb|upright=1.2| Schémas des différents types de divisions cellulaires. La division cellulaire est le mode de multiplication de toute cellule. Elle lui permet de se diviser en plusieurs cellules (deux le plus souvent). C'est donc un processus fondamental dans le monde vivant, puisqu'il est nécessaire à la régénération de tout organisme. Chez les Eucaryotes — caractérisés principalement par des cellules qui possèdent un noyau — il y a deux types de division cellulaire : La mitose qui n'autorise qu'une multiplication asexuée; elle permet la régénération d'un organe, et aussi la croissance.
Cycle cellulairevignette|335x335px|Cycle cellulaire d'une cellule eucaryote (car présence de la mitose) Le cycle cellulaire est l'ensemble des étapes qui constituent et délimitent la vie d'une cellule. Ce cycle est composé de plusieurs phases de croissance dans lesquelles la cellule grossit et duplique son matériel génétique (interphase) et d'une phase où celle-ci se divise (mitose) pour donner naissance à deux cellules filles identiques (dans le cas de la mitose). Les cellules filles reproduiront ce cycle, et ainsi de suite.
G0 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G0 phase The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. G0 is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
Asymmetric cell divisionAn asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.
Chromatinealt=Compaction de l'ADN dans la chromatine|vignette|upright=1.9|Compaction de l'ADN au sein de la chromatine. De gauche à droite : l'ADN, le nucléosome, le nucléofilament, la fibre de 30 nm et le chromosome métaphasique. La chromatine est la structure au sein de laquelle l'ADN se trouve empaqueté et compacté dans le volume limité du noyau des cellules eucaryotes. La chromatine est constituée d'une association d'ADN, d'ARN et de protéines de deux types : histones et non-histones. C'est le constituant principal des chromosomes eucaryotes.
S phaseS phase (Synthesis Phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. G1/S transition Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling.
