Jonction communicanteLes jonctions communicantes, aussi appelées jonctions gap ou macula communicans ou nexus ou jonctions lacunaires ou encore jonctions perméables, sont des jonctions intercellulaires mettant en relation le cytoplasme de deux cellules voisines. Chez l'être humain, les jonctions communicantes se situent principalement dans le système nerveux central (SNC), le cœur, le foie, la rétine, les vaisseaux sanguins et les muscles lisses.
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)In neuroscience, glutamate is the dianion (divalent anion) of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.
Contraction musculaireLa contraction musculaire résulte de la contraction coordonnée de chacune des cellules du muscle. Il existe quatre phases au cours de la contraction d'une cellule musculaire « type » : l'excitation ou la stimulation qui correspond à l'arrivée du message nerveux sur la fibre musculaire ; le couplage excitation-contraction qui regroupe l'ensemble des processus permettant de transformer le signal nerveux reçu par la cellule en un signal intracellulaire vers les fibres contractiles ; la contraction proprement dite ; la relaxation qui est le retour de la cellule musculaire à l'état de repos physiologique.
Calcium in biologyCalcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, including several of the coagulation factors. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, as well as proper bone formation.
Excitatory synapseAn excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons. These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.
Schaffer collateralSchaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop. It is one of the most studied synapses in the world and named after the Hungarian anatomist-neurologist Károly Schaffer. As a part of the hippocampal structures, Schaffer collaterals develop the limbic system, which plays a critical role in the aspects of learning and memory.
Turing reductionIn computability theory, a Turing reduction from a decision problem to a decision problem is an oracle machine which decides problem given an oracle for (Rogers 1967, Soare 1987). It can be understood as an algorithm that could be used to solve if it had available to it a subroutine for solving . The concept can be analogously applied to function problems. If a Turing reduction from to exists, then every algorithm for can be used to produce an algorithm for , by inserting the algorithm for at each place where the oracle machine computing queries the oracle for .
Dépression synaptique à long termeLa dépression à long terme (DLT) est « une réduction durable de l'efficacité de la transmission synaptique qui fait suite à certains types de stimulation ». Dans la dépression à long terme l'efficacité synaptique se trouve réduite. Cela est dû au fait que les éléments pré-synaptiques et post-synaptiques des neurones ont une décharge nerveuse asynchrone ou ne déchargent plus d'influx nerveux. La puissance de l'influx nerveux est influencée par la participation des récepteurs NDMA, et de leur influx calcique (Ca2+).
Many-one reductionIn computability theory and computational complexity theory, a many-one reduction (also called mapping reduction) is a reduction which converts instances of one decision problem (whether an instance is in ) to another decision problem (whether an instance is in ) using an effective function. The reduced instance is in the language if and only if the initial instance is in its language . Thus if we can decide whether instances are in the language , we can decide whether instances are in its language by applying the reduction and solving .
Réduction (complexité)En calculabilité et en théorie de la complexité, une réduction est un algorithme transformant une instance d'un problème algorithmique en une ou plusieurs instances d'un autre problème. S'il existe une telle réduction d'un problème A à un problème B, on dit que le problème A se réduit au problème B. Dans ce cas, le problème B est plus difficile que le problème A, puisque l'on peut résoudre le problème A en appliquant la réduction puis un algorithme pour le problème B. On écrit alors A ≤ B.
