MIMO (télécommunications)Multiple-Input Multiple-Output ou MIMO (« entrées multiples, sorties multiples » en français) est une technique de multiplexage utilisée dans les radars, réseaux sans fil et les réseaux mobiles permettant des transferts de données à plus longue portée et avec un débit plus élevé qu’avec des antennes utilisant la technique SISO (Single-Input Single-Output). Alors que les anciens réseaux Wi-Fi ou les réseaux GSM standards utilisent une seule antenne au niveau de l'émetteur et du récepteur, MIMO utilise plusieurs antennes tant au niveau de l'émetteur (par exemple un routeur) que du récepteur (par exemple un PC portable ou un smartphone).
Atténuation du signalvignette|296x296px|L'atténuation du signal en fonction de la fréquence et du temps laisse apparaître un motif nuageux sur un spectrogramme. Le temps est représenté sur l'axe horizontal, la fréquence sur l'axe vertical. L'intensité du signal apparaît en niveaux de gris. Dans les transmissions sans fil, l'atténuation du signal ou évanouissement (fading) est la variation de la puissance du signal causée par plusieurs variables. Ces variables incluent le temps, la position géographique et la fréquence.
Sparse dictionary learningSparse dictionary learning (also known as sparse coding or SDL) is a representation learning method which aims at finding a sparse representation of the input data in the form of a linear combination of basic elements as well as those basic elements themselves. These elements are called atoms and they compose a dictionary. Atoms in the dictionary are not required to be orthogonal, and they may be an over-complete spanning set. This problem setup also allows the dimensionality of the signals being represented to be higher than the one of the signals being observed.
Multipath propagationIn radio communication, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildings. When the same signal is received over more than one path, it can create interference and phase shifting of the signal. Destructive interference causes fading; this may cause a radio signal to become too weak in certain areas to be received adequately.
Sparse approximationSparse approximation (also known as sparse representation) theory deals with sparse solutions for systems of linear equations. Techniques for finding these solutions and exploiting them in applications have found wide use in , signal processing, machine learning, medical imaging, and more. Consider a linear system of equations , where is an underdetermined matrix and . The matrix (typically assumed to be full-rank) is referred to as the dictionary, and is a signal of interest.
TélécommunicationsLes télécommunications sont définies comme la transmission d’informations à distance en utilisant des technologies électronique, informatique, de transmission filaire, optique ou électromagnétique. Ce terme a un sens plus large que son acception équivalente officielle « communication électronique ». Elles se distinguent ainsi de la poste qui transmet des informations ou des objets sous forme physique.
Communications systemA communications system or communication system is a collection of individual telecommunications networks systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and terminal equipment usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole. The components of a communications system serve a common purpose, are technically compatible, use common procedures, respond to controls, and operate in union. Telecommunications is a method of communication (e.g., for sports broadcasting, mass media, journalism, etc.
Spatial correlation (wireless)In wireless communication, spatial correlation is the correlation between a signal's spatial direction and the average received signal gain. Theoretically, the performance of wireless communication systems can be improved by having multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. The idea is that if the propagation channels between each pair of transmit and receive antennas are statistically independent and identically distributed, then multiple independent channels with identical characteristics can be created by precoding and be used for either transmitting multiple data streams or increasing the reliability (in terms of bit error rate).
Simple random sampleIn statistics, a simple random sample (or SRS) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. It is a process of selecting a sample in a random way. In SRS, each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased sampling technique. Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling methods.
Survey samplingIn statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey. The term "survey" may refer to many different types or techniques of observation. In survey sampling it most often involves a questionnaire used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the subject of survey data collection.
