Energy systemAn energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users. The intent behind energy systems is to minimise energy losses to a negligible level, as well as to ensure the efficient use of energy. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report defines an energy system as "all components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy". The first two definitions allow for demand-side measures, including daylighting, retrofitted building insulation, and passive solar building design, as well as socio-economic factors, such as aspects of energy demand management and remote work, while the third does not.
Moteur à gazthumb|Moteur à gaz horizontal Otto, de 4 chevaux de force, actionnant dans le domaine d'Ambreville (Eure) 1868 Un moteur à gaz est un moteur à combustion interne utilisant un gaz comme carburant. Dans son brevet de 1799, Lebon avait prédit que son « gaz hydrogène » (du gaz de bois, dont on peut supposer qu'il contenait au moins 50 % de dihydrogène) serait « une force applicable à toutes espèces de machine ».
Feasible regionIn mathematical optimization, a feasible region, feasible set, search space, or solution space is the set of all possible points (sets of values of the choice variables) of an optimization problem that satisfy the problem's constraints, potentially including inequalities, equalities, and integer constraints. This is the initial set of candidate solutions to the problem, before the set of candidates has been narrowed down.
Infrastructure à clés publiquesthumb|Diagramme de principe d'une autorité de certification, exemple d'infrastructure à clés publiquesCA : autorité de certification ;VA : autorité de validation ;RA : autorité d'enregistrement. Une infrastructure à clés publiques (ICP) ou infrastructure de gestion de clés (IGC) ou encore Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), est un ensemble de composants physiques (des ordinateurs, des équipements cryptographiques logiciels ou matériel type Hardware Security Module (HSM ou boîte noire transactionnelle) ou encore des cartes à puces), de procédures humaines (vérifications, validation) et de logiciels (système et application) destiné à gérer les clés publiques des utilisateurs d'un système.
Cutting stock problemIn operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal, into pieces of specified sizes while minimizing material wasted. It is an optimization problem in mathematics that arises from applications in industry. In terms of computational complexity, the problem is an NP-hard problem reducible to the knapsack problem. The problem can be formulated as an integer linear programming problem.
Optimization problemIn mathematics, computer science and economics, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete: An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set.
Pile à bactériesUne pile microbienne (ou biopile ou pile à bactéries) est une pile basée sur le principe des piles à combustible: la cathode est alimentée en oxygène (en général par l'air) et l'anode est constituée d'une électrode placée au sein d'une chambre contenant un biofilm de bactéries et de quoi les nourrir. Elles sont également désignées par l'acronyme MFC provenant de la dénomination anglo-saxonne : microbial fuel cell (littéralement : Pile à combustible microbienne).
Constrained optimizationIn mathematical optimization, constrained optimization (in some contexts called constraint optimization) is the process of optimizing an objective function with respect to some variables in the presence of constraints on those variables. The objective function is either a cost function or energy function, which is to be minimized, or a reward function or utility function, which is to be maximized.
Ground source heat pumpA ground source heat pump (also geothermal heat pump) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that uses a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP) as they are commonly termed in North America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for providing HVAC and water heating, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a boiler/furnace or by use of resistive electric heaters.
Énergie aérothermiqueAn air source heat pump (ASHP) is a type of heat pump that can absorb heat from outside a structure and release it inside using the same vapor-compression refrigeration process and much the same equipment as air conditioners but used in the opposite direction. Unlike an air conditioning unit, most ASHPs are reversible and are able to either warm or cool buildings and in some cases also provide domestic hot water. In a typical setting, an ASHP can gain 4 kWh thermal energy from 1 kWh electric energy.
