Système moteur extrapyramidalLe système moteur extrapyramidal désigne les circuits nerveux responsables de la motricité involontaire, notamment réflexe, et du contrôle de la posture. À la différence du système moteur pyramidal, il ne s'agit pas d'une entité anatomique unitaire mais plutôt un ensemble fonctionnel de voies de transmission relativement lentes car l'information qui circule depuis le cerveau jusqu'à la moelle épinière passe par différents relais qui permettent une multitude de rétrocontrôles sur la commande motrice.
OctopamineOctopamine (molecular formula C8H11NO2; also known as OA, and also norsynephrine, para-octopamine and others) is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine, and synthesized biologically by a homologous pathway. Octopamine is often considered the major "fight-or-flight" neurohormone of invertebrates. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first identified in the salivary glands of the octopus. In many types of invertebrates octopamine is an important neurotransmitter and hormone.
Digital pathologyDigital pathology is a sub-field of pathology that focuses on data management based on information generated from digitized specimen slides. Through the use of computer-based technology, digital pathology utilizes virtual microscopy. Glass slides are converted into digital slides that can be viewed, managed, shared and analyzed on a computer monitor.
DOPALa 3,4-dihydroxyphénylalanine (abréviée en DOPA ou dopa) est une substance intermédiaire dans la synthèse des catécholamines. Elle possède deux isomères optiques, la L-DOPA ou L-dopa (ou , dénomination pharmacologique internationale), lévogyre, et la D-DOPA ou D-dopa, dextrogyre. La L-DOPA est la forme stéréo-isomérique lévogyre métabolisable par l'organisme. Sa décarboxylation par la DOPA-décarboxylase produit la dopamine. La L-DOPA est capable de franchir la barrière hémato-encéphalique.
Pioneer neuronA pioneer neuron is a cell that is a derivative of the preplate in the early stages of corticogenesis of the brain. Pioneer neurons settle in the marginal zone of the cortex and project to sub-cortical levels. In the rat, pioneer neurons are only present in prenatal brains. Unlike Cajal-Retzius cells, these neurons are reelin-negative. Pioneer neurons are born in the ventricular neuroepithelium all over the cortical primordium. In the rat cortex, they appear at embryonic day (E) 11.
Forensic pathologyForensic pathology is pathology that focuses on determining the cause of death by examining a corpse. A post mortem examination is performed by a medical examiner or forensic pathologist, usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Coroners and medical examiners are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of remains. Forensic pathology is an application of medical jurisprudence.
Glossary of genetics (0–L)This glossary of genetics is a list of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of genetics and related disciplines in biology, including molecular biology, cell biology, and evolutionary biology. It is split across two articles: This page, Glossary of genetics (0–L), lists terms beginning with numbers and those beginning with the letters A through L. Glossary of genetics (M–Z) lists terms beginning with the letters M through Z.
Principe de DaleEn science neuronale, le principe de Dale (ou loi de Dale) est une règle attribuée au neuro-scientifique Henry Hallett Dale. Ce principe spécifie que toutes les connexions synaptiques d'un neurone effectuent la même tâche vers les autres cellules, sans considération de la nature de ces-dernières. Néanmoins, des désaccords sont survenus en ce qui concerne la formulation de ce principe. En raison d'une ambiguïté dans la déclaration initiale, il existe en fait deux versions du principe, l'une qui s'est avérée définitivement fausse, et l'autre qui reste une règle empirique précieuse.
Area postremaThe area postrema, a paired structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries and sensory neurons that enable its dual role to detect circulating chemical messengers in the blood and transduce them into neural signals and networks. Its position adjacent to the bilateral nuclei of the solitary tract and role as a sensory transducer allow it to integrate blood-to-brain autonomic functions.
Pseudobulbar palsyPseudobulbar palsy is a medical condition characterized by the inability to control facial movements (such as chewing and speaking) and caused by a variety of neurological disorders. Patients experience difficulty chewing and swallowing, have increased reflexes and spasticity in tongue and the bulbar region, and demonstrate slurred speech (which is often the initial presentation of the disorder), sometimes also demonstrating uncontrolled emotional outbursts.
