Computational phylogeneticsComputational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses. The goal is to assemble a phylogenetic tree representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary ancestry of a set of genes, species, or other taxa. For example, these techniques have been used to explore the family tree of hominid species and the relationships between specific genes shared by many types of organisms.
Constructive neutral evolutionConstructive neutral evolution (CNE) is a theory that seeks to explain how complex systems can evolve through neutral transitions and spread through a population by chance fixation (genetic drift). Constructive neutral evolution is a competitor for both adaptationist explanations for the emergence of complex traits and hypotheses positing that a complex trait emerged as a response to a deleterious development in an organism.
Drosophila subobscuraDrosophila subobscura is a species of fruit fly in the family Drosophilidae. Originally found around the Mediterranean, it has spread to most of Europe and the Near East. It has been introduced into the west coasts of Canada, the United States, and Chile. Its closest relative is Drosophila madeirensis, found in the Madeira Islands, followed by D. guanche, found in the Canary Islands. These three species form the D. subobscura species subgroup.
Lineage (evolution)An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics. Lineages are typically visualized as subsets of a phylogenetic tree. A lineage is a single line of descent or linear chain within the tree, while a clade is a (usually branched) monophyletic group, containing a single ancestor and all its descendants.
Évolution expérimentaleL'évolution expérimentale est une branche de la biologie évolutive qui étudie les dynamiques de l'évolution par des expériences ou des manipulations contrôlées sur le terrain. L'évolution peut être observée en laboratoire (isolement d'une ou plusieurs espèces en milieu contrôlé) car les populations s'adaptent à de nouvelles conditions environnementales et/ou subissent des changements à cause de processus stochastiques (aléatoires) tels que la dérive génétique.
Evolutionary developmental psychologyEvolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.
Systématique évolutionnistevignette|Arbre à « bulles », ici stylisé, typique de la systématique évolutionniste. La systématique évolutionniste, ou simplement évolutionnisme, appelée aussi systématique évolutive, éclectique ou synthétiste, est une école de systématique, et plus particulièrement de taxonomie (désignée dans ce cas par taxinomie ou taxonomie évolutive), qui a pour finalité d'établir une classification phylogénétique tenant compte à la fois de la généalogie des espèces et de leurs distances phénotypiques (notamment leurs différents plans d'organisation).
Variation clinalethumb|300px|Dans une espèce annulaire, le flux de gènes se produit entre des populations voisines d'une espèce, mais aux extrémités de "l'anneau", les populations ne peuvent pas se croiser. thumb|300px|Les variations des populations interfécondes (ici représentées par des blocs de couleurs) le long d'une cline peuvent suivre une courbe, formant finalement un anneau.
Alternatives to Darwinian evolutionAlternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things. The alternatives in question do not deny that evolutionary changes over time are the origin of the diversity of life, nor that the organisms alive today share a common ancestor from the distant past (or ancestors, in some proposals); rather, they propose alternative mechanisms of evolutionary change over time, arguing against mutations acted on by natural selection as the most important driver of evolutionary change.
